A Federated Approach to Few-Shot Hate Speech Detection for Marginalized Communities

Hate speech online remains an understudied issue for marginalized communities, and has seen rising relevance, especially in the Global South, which includes developing societies with increasing internet penetration. In this paper, we aim to provide marginalized communities living in societies where the dominant language is low-resource with a privacy-preserving tool to protect themselves from hate speech on the internet by filtering offensive content in their native languages. Our contribution in this paper is twofold: 1) we release REACT (REsponsive hate speech datasets Across ConTexts), a collection of high-quality, culture-specific hate speech detection datasets comprising seven distinct target groups in eight low-resource languages, curated by experienced data collectors; 2) we propose a solution to few-shot hate speech detection utilizing federated learning (FL), a privacy-preserving and collaborative learning approach, to continuously improve a central model that exhibits robustness when tackling different target groups and languages. By keeping the training local to the users' devices, we ensure the privacy of the users' data while benefitting from the efficiency of federated learning. Furthermore, we personalize client models to target-specific training data and evaluate their performance. Our results indicate the effectiveness of FL across different target groups, whereas the benefits of personalization on few-shot learning are not clear.

Reducing Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models via Latent Space Steering

Hallucination poses a challenge to the deployment of large vision-language models (LVLMs) in applications. Unlike in large language models (LLMs), hallucination in LVLMs often arises from misalignments between visual inputs and textual outputs. This paper investigates the underlying mechanisms of hallucination, focusing on the unique structure of LVLMs that distinguishes them from large language models (LLMs). We identify that hallucinations often arise from the sensitivity of text decoders to vision inputs, a natural phenomenon when image encoders and text decoders are pre-trained separately. Inspired by this, we introduce Visual and Textual Intervention (VTI), a novel technique designed to reduce hallucinations by steering latent space representations during inference to enhance the stability of vision features. As a task-agnostic test-time intervention, VTI can be easily applied to any problem without additional cost. Extensive experiments demonstrate that it can effectively reduce hallucinations and outperform baseline methods across multiple metrics, highlighting the critical role of vision feature stability in LVLMs.

Geometric Trajectory Diffusion Models

Generative models have shown great promise in generating 3D geometric systems, which is a fundamental problem in many natural science domains such as molecule and protein design. However, existing approaches only operate on static structures, neglecting the fact that physical systems are always dynamic in nature. In this work, we propose geometric trajectory diffusion models (GeoTDM), the first diffusion model for modeling the temporal distribution of 3D geometric trajectories. Modeling such distribution is challenging as it requires capturing both the complex spatial interactions with physical symmetries and temporal correspondence encapsulated in the dynamics. We theoretically justify that diffusion models with equivariant temporal kernels can lead to density with desired symmetry, and develop a novel transition kernel leveraging SE(3)-equivariant spatial convolution and temporal attention. Furthermore, to induce an expressive trajectory distribution for conditional generation, we introduce a generalized learnable geometric prior into the forward diffusion process to enhance temporal conditioning. We conduct extensive experiments on both unconditional and conditional generation in various scenarios, including physical simulation, molecular dynamics, and pedestrian motion. Empirical results on a wide suite of metrics demonstrate that GeoTDM can generate realistic geometric trajectories with significantly higher quality.

LangSAMP: Language-Script Aware Multilingual Pretraining

Recent multilingual pretrained language models (mPLMs) often avoid using language embeddings -- learnable vectors assigned to different languages. These embeddings are discarded for two main reasons: (1) mPLMs are expected to have a single, unified parameter set across all languages, and (2) they need to function seamlessly as universal text encoders without requiring language IDs as input. However, this removal increases the burden on token embeddings to encode all language-specific information, which may hinder the model's ability to produce more language-neutral representations. To address this challenge, we propose Language-Script Aware Multilingual Pretraining (LangSAMP), a method that incorporates both language and script embeddings to enhance representation learning while maintaining a simple architecture. Specifically, we integrate these embeddings into the output of the transformer blocks before passing the final representations to the language modeling head for prediction. We apply LangSAMP to the continual pretraining of XLM-R on a highly multilingual corpus covering more than 500 languages. The resulting model consistently outperforms the baseline. Extensive analysis further shows that language/script embeddings encode language/script-specific information, which improves the selection of source languages for crosslingual transfer. We make our code and models publicly available at \url{https://github.com/cisnlp/LangSAMP}.

How Transliterations Improve Crosslingual Alignment

Recent studies have shown that post-aligning multilingual pretrained language models (mPLMs) using alignment objectives on both original and transliterated data can improve crosslingual alignment. This improvement further leads to better crosslingual transfer performance. However, it remains unclear how and why a better crosslingual alignment is achieved, as this technique only involves transliterations, and does not use any parallel data. This paper attempts to explicitly evaluate the crosslingual alignment and identify the key elements in transliteration-based approaches that contribute to better performance. For this, we train multiple models under varying setups for two pairs of related languages: (1) Polish and Ukrainian and (2) Hindi and Urdu. To assess alignment, we define four types of similarities based on sentence representations. Our experiments show that adding transliterations alone improves the overall similarities, even for random sentence pairs. With the help of auxiliary alignment objectives, especially the contrastive objective, the model learns to distinguish matched from random pairs, leading to better alignments. However, we also show that better alignment does not always yield better downstream performance, suggesting that further research is needed to clarify the connection between alignment and performance.

TFG: Unified Training-Free Guidance for Diffusion Models

Given an unconditional diffusion model and a predictor for a target property of interest (e.g., a classifier), the goal of training-free guidance is to generate samples with desirable target properties without additional training. Existing methods, though effective in various individual applications, often lack theoretical grounding and rigorous testing on extensive benchmarks. As a result, they could even fail on simple tasks, and applying them to a new problem becomes unavoidably difficult. This paper introduces a novel algorithmic framework encompassing existing methods as special cases, unifying the study of training-free guidance into the analysis of an algorithm-agnostic design space. Via theoretical and empirical investigation, we propose an efficient and effective hyper-parameter searching strategy that can be readily applied to any downstream task. We systematically benchmark across 7 diffusion models on 16 tasks with 40 targets, and improve performance by 8.5% on average. Our framework and benchmark offer a solid foundation for conditional generation in a training-free manner.

Exploring the Role of Transliteration in In-Context Learning for Low-resource Languages Written in Non-Latin Scripts

Decoder-only large language models (LLMs) excel in high-resource languages across various tasks through few-shot or even zero-shot in-context learning (ICL). However, their performance often does not transfer well to low-resource languages, especially those written in non-Latin scripts. Inspired by recent work that leverages transliteration in encoder-only models, we investigate whether transliteration is also effective in improving LLMs' performance for low-resource languages written in non-Latin scripts. To this end, we propose three prompt templates, where the target-language text is represented in (1) its original script, (2) Latin script, or (3) both. We apply these methods to several representative LLMs of different sizes on various tasks including text classification and sequential labeling. Our findings show that the effectiveness of transliteration varies by task type and model size. For instance, all models benefit from transliterations for sequential labeling (with increases of up to 25%).

TransMI: A Framework to Create Strong Baselines from Multilingual Pretrained Language Models for Transliterated Data

Transliterating related languages that use different scripts into a common script shows effectiveness in improving crosslingual transfer in downstream tasks. However, this methodology often makes pretraining a model from scratch unavoidable, as transliteration brings about new subwords not covered in existing multilingual pretrained language models (mPLMs). This is not desired because it takes a lot of computation budget for pretraining. A more promising way is to make full use of available mPLMs. To this end, this paper proposes a simple but effective framework: Transliterate-Merge-Initialize (TransMI), which can create a strong baseline well-suited for data that is transliterated into a common script by exploiting an mPLM and its accompanied tokenizer. TransMI has three stages: (a) transliterate the vocabulary of an mPLM into a common script; (b) merge the new vocabulary with the original vocabulary; and (c) initialize the embeddings of the new subwords. We applied TransMI to three recent strong mPLMs, and our experiments demonstrate that TransMI not only preserves their ability to handle non-transliterated data, but also enables the models to effectively process transliterated data: the results show a consistent improvement of 3% to 34%, varying across different models and tasks. We make our code and models publicly available at \url{https://github.com/cisnlp/TransMI}.

Monitoring AI-Modified Content at Scale: A Case Study on the Impact of ChatGPT on AI Conference Peer Reviews

We present an approach for estimating the fraction of text in a large corpus which is likely to be substantially modified or produced by a large language model (LLM). Our maximum likelihood model leverages expert-written and AI-generated reference texts to accurately and efficiently examine real-world LLM-use at the corpus level. We apply this approach to a case study of scientific peer review in AI conferences that took place after the release of ChatGPT: ICLR 2024, NeurIPS 2023, CoRL 2023 and EMNLP 2023. Our results suggest that between 6.5% and 16.9% of text submitted as peer reviews to these conferences could have been substantially modified by LLMs, i.e. beyond spell-checking or minor writing updates. The circumstances in which generated text occurs offer insight into user behavior: the estimated fraction of LLM-generated text is higher in reviews which report lower confidence, were submitted close to the deadline, and from reviewers who are less likely to respond to author rebuttals. We also observe corpus-level trends in generated text which may be too subtle to detect at the individual level, and discuss the implications of such trends on peer review. We call for future interdisciplinary work to examine how LLM use is changing our information and knowledge practices.

DOF: Accelerating High-order Differential Operators with Forward Propagation

Solving partial differential equations (PDEs) efficiently is essential for analyzing complex physical systems. Recent advancements in leveraging deep learning for solving PDE have shown significant promise. However, machine learning methods, such as Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN), face challenges in handling high-order derivatives of neural network-parameterized functions. Inspired by Forward Laplacian, a recent method of accelerating Laplacian computation, we propose an efficient computational framework, Differential Operator with Forward-propagation (DOF), for calculating general second-order differential operators without losing any precision. We provide rigorous proof of the advantages of our method over existing methods, demonstrating two times improvement in efficiency and reduced memory consumption on any architectures. Empirical results illustrate that our method surpasses traditional automatic differentiation (AutoDiff) techniques, achieving 2x improvement on the MLP structure and nearly 20x improvement on the MLP with Jacobian sparsity.