FARM: Frequency-Aware Model for Cross-Domain Live-Streaming Recommendation

Live-streaming services have attracted widespread popularity due to their real-time interactivity and entertainment value. Users can engage with live-streaming authors by participating in live chats, posting likes, or sending virtual gifts to convey their preferences and support. However, the live-streaming services faces serious data-sparsity problem, which can be attributed to the following two points: (1) User's valuable behaviors are usually sparse, e.g., like, comment and gift, which are easily overlooked by the model, making it difficult to describe user's personalized preference. (2) The main exposure content on our platform is short-video, which is 9 times higher than the exposed live-streaming, leading to the inability of live-streaming content to fully model user preference. To this end, we propose a Frequency-Aware Model for Cross-Domain Live-Streaming Recommendation, termed as FARM. Specifically, we first present the intra-domain frequency aware module to enable our model to perceive user's sparse yet valuable behaviors, i.e., high-frequency information, supported by the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). To transfer user preference across the short-video and live-streaming domains, we propose a novel preference align before fuse strategy, which consists of two parts: the cross-domain preference align module to align user preference in both domains with contrastive learning, and the cross-domain preference fuse module to further fuse user preference in both domains using a serious of tailor-designed attention mechanisms. Extensive offline experiments and online A/B testing on Kuaishou live-streaming services demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of FARM. Our FARM has been deployed in online live-streaming services and currently serves hundreds of millions of users on Kuaishou.

ChorusCVR: Chorus Supervision for Entire Space Post-Click Conversion Rate Modeling

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a vital task in many recommender systems of revenue businesses, e.g., e-commerce and advertising. In a perspective of sample, a typical CVR positive sample usually goes through a funnel of exposure to click to conversion. For lack of post-event labels for un-clicked samples, CVR learning task commonly only utilizes clicked samples, rather than all exposed samples as for click-through rate (CTR) learning task. However, during online inference, CVR and CTR are estimated on the same assumed exposure space, which leads to a inconsistency of sample space between training and inference, i.e., sample selection bias (SSB). To alleviate SSB, previous wisdom proposes to design novel auxiliary tasks to enable the CVR learning on un-click training samples, such as CTCVR and counterfactual CVR, etc. Although alleviating SSB to some extent, none of them pay attention to the discrimination between ambiguous negative samples (un-clicked) and factual negative samples (clicked but un-converted) during modelling, which makes CVR model lacks robustness. To full this gap, we propose a novel ChorusCVR model to realize debiased CVR learning in entire-space.

LiveForesighter: Generating Future Information for Live-Streaming Recommendations at Kuaishou

Live-streaming, as a new-generation media to connect users and authors, has attracted a lot of attention and experienced rapid growth in recent years. Compared with the content-static short-video recommendation, the live-streaming recommendation faces more challenges in giving our users a satisfactory experience: (1) Live-streaming content is dynamically ever-changing along time. (2) valuable behaviors (e.g., send digital-gift, buy products) always require users to watch for a long-time (>10 min). Combining the two attributes, here raising a challenging question for live-streaming recommendation: How to discover the live-streamings that the content user is interested in at the current moment, and further a period in the future?

CRM: Retrieval Model with Controllable Condition

Recommendation systems (RecSys) are designed to connect users with relevant items from a vast pool of candidates while aligning with the business goals of the platform. A typical industrial RecSys is composed of two main stages, retrieval and ranking: (1) the retrieval stage aims at searching hundreds of item candidates satisfied user interests; (2) based on the retrieved items, the ranking stage aims at selecting the best dozen items by multiple targets estimation for each item candidate, including classification and regression targets. Compared with ranking model, the retrieval model absence of item candidate information during inference, therefore retrieval models are often trained by classification target only (e.g., click-through rate), but failed to incorporate regression target (e.g., the expected watch-time), which limit the effectiveness of retrieval. In this paper, we propose the Controllable Retrieval Model (CRM), which integrates regression information as conditional features into the two-tower retrieval paradigm. This modification enables the retrieval stage could fulfill the target gap with ranking model, enhancing the retrieval model ability to search item candidates satisfied the user interests and condition effectively. We validate the effectiveness of CRM through real-world A/B testing and demonstrate its successful deployment in Kuaishou short-video recommendation system, which serves over 400 million users.

QARM: Quantitative Alignment Multi-Modal Recommendation at Kuaishou

In recent years, with the significant evolution of multi-modal large models, many recommender researchers realized the potential of multi-modal information for user interest modeling. In industry, a wide-used modeling architecture is a cascading paradigm: (1) first pre-training a multi-modal model to provide omnipotent representations for downstream services; (2) The downstream recommendation model takes the multi-modal representation as additional input to fit real user-item behaviours. Although such paradigm achieves remarkable improvements, however, there still exist two problems that limit model performance: (1) Representation Unmatching: The pre-trained multi-modal model is always supervised by the classic NLP/CV tasks, while the recommendation models are supervised by real user-item interaction. As a result, the two fundamentally different tasks' goals were relatively separate, and there was a lack of consistent objective on their representations; (2) Representation Unlearning: The generated multi-modal representations are always stored in cache store and serve as extra fixed input of recommendation model, thus could not be updated by recommendation model gradient, further unfriendly for downstream training. Inspired by the two difficulties challenges in downstream tasks usage, we introduce a quantitative multi-modal framework to customize the specialized and trainable multi-modal information for different downstream models.

KuaiFormer: Transformer-Based Retrieval at Kuaishou

In large-scale content recommendation systems, retrieval serves as the initial stage in the pipeline, responsible for selecting thousands of candidate items from billions of options to pass on to ranking modules. Traditionally, the dominant retrieval method has been Embedding-Based Retrieval (EBR) using a Deep Neural Network (DNN) dual-tower structure. However, applying transformer in retrieval tasks has been the focus of recent research, though real-world industrial deployment still presents significant challenges. In this paper, we introduce KuaiFormer, a novel transformer-based retrieval framework deployed in a large-scale content recommendation system. KuaiFormer fundamentally redefines the retrieval process by shifting from conventional score estimation tasks (such as click-through rate estimate) to a transformer-driven Next Action Prediction paradigm. This shift enables more effective real-time interest acquisition and multi-interest extraction, significantly enhancing retrieval performance. KuaiFormer has been successfully integrated into Kuaishou App's short-video recommendation system since May 2024, serving over 400 million daily active users and resulting in a marked increase in average daily usage time of Kuaishou users. We provide insights into both the technical and business aspects of deploying transformer in large-scale recommendation systems, addressing practical challenges encountered during industrial implementation. Our findings offer valuable guidance for engineers and researchers aiming to leverage transformer models to optimize large-scale content recommendation systems.

MARM: Unlocking the Future of Recommendation Systems through Memory Augmentation and Scalable Complexity

Scaling-law has guided the language model designing for past years, however, it is worth noting that the scaling laws of NLP cannot be directly applied to RecSys due to the following reasons: (1) The amount of training samples and model parameters is typically not the bottleneck for the model. Our recommendation system can generate over 50 billion user samples daily, and such a massive amount of training data can easily allow our model parameters to exceed 200 billion, surpassing many LLMs (about 100B). (2) To ensure the stability and robustness of the recommendation system, it is essential to control computational complexity FLOPs carefully. Considering the above differences with LLM, we can draw a conclusion that: for a RecSys model, compared to model parameters, the computational complexity FLOPs is a more expensive factor that requires careful control. In this paper, we propose our milestone work, MARM (Memory Augmented Recommendation Model), which explores a new cache scaling-laws successfully.

Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation via Neural Process

Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation (CDSR) is a hot topic in sequence-based user interest modeling, which aims at utilizing a single model to predict the next items for different domains. To tackle the CDSR, many methods are focused on domain overlapped users' behaviors fitting, which heavily relies on the same user's different-domain item sequences collaborating signals to capture the synergy of cross-domain item-item correlation. Indeed, these overlapped users occupy a small fraction of the entire user set only, which introduces a strong assumption that the small group of domain overlapped users is enough to represent all domain user behavior characteristics. However, intuitively, such a suggestion is biased, and the insufficient learning paradigm in non-overlapped users will inevitably limit model performance. Further, it is not trivial to model non-overlapped user behaviors in CDSR because there are no other domain behaviors to collaborate with, which causes the observed single-domain users' behavior sequences to be hard to contribute to cross-domain knowledge mining. Considering such a phenomenon, we raise a challenging and unexplored question: How to unleash the potential of non-overlapped users' behaviors to empower CDSR?

A Unified Framework for Cross-Domain Recommendation

In addressing the persistent challenges of data-sparsity and cold-start issues in domain-expert recommender systems, Cross-Domain Recommendation (CDR) emerges as a promising methodology. CDR aims at enhancing prediction performance in the target domain by leveraging interaction knowledge from related source domains, particularly through users or items that span across multiple domains (e.g., Short-Video and Living-Room). For academic research purposes, there are a number of distinct aspects to guide CDR method designing, including the auxiliary domain number, domain-overlapped element, user-item interaction types, and downstream tasks. With so many different CDR combination scenario settings, the proposed scenario-expert approaches are tailored to address a specific vertical CDR scenario, and often lack the capacity to adapt to multiple horizontal scenarios. In an effect to coherently adapt to various scenarios, and drawing inspiration from the concept of domain-invariant transfer learning, we extend the former SOTA model UniCDR in five different aspects, named as UniCDR+. Our work was successfully deployed on the Kuaishou Living-Room RecSys.

Moment&Cross: Next-Generation Real-Time Cross-Domain CTR Prediction for Live-Streaming Recommendation at Kuaishou

Kuaishou, is one of the largest short-video and live-streaming platform, compared with short-video recommendations, live-streaming recommendation is more complex because of: (1) temporarily-alive to distribution, (2) user may watch for a long time with feedback delay, (3) content is unpredictable and changes over time. Actually, even if a user is interested in the live-streaming author, it still may be an negative watching (e.g., short-view < 3s) since the real-time content is not attractive enough. Therefore, for live-streaming recommendation, there exists a challenging task: how do we recommend the live-streaming at right moment for users? Additionally, our platform's major exposure content is short short-video, and the amount of exposed short-video is 9x more than exposed live-streaming. Thus users will leave more behaviors on short-videos, which leads to a serious data imbalance problem making the live-streaming data could not fully reflect user interests. In such case, there raises another challenging task: how do we utilize users' short-video behaviors to make live-streaming recommendation better?