ANCHOR: Adaptive Network based on Cascaded Harmonic Offset Routing

Time series analysis plays a foundational role in a wide range of real-world applications, yet accurately modeling complex non-stationary signals remains a shared challenge across downstream tasks. Existing methods attempt to extract features directly from one-dimensional sequences, making it difficult to handle the widely observed dynamic phase drift and discrete quantization error. To address this issue, we decouple temporal evolution into macroscopic physical periods and microscopic phase perturbations, and inject frequency-domain priors derived from the Real Fast Fourier Transform (RFFT) into the underlying spatial sampling process. Based on this idea, we propose a Frequency-Guided Deformable Module (FGDM) to adaptively compensate for microscopic phase deviations. Built upon FGDM, we further develop an Adaptive Network based on Cascaded Harmonic Offset Routing (ANCHOR) as a general-purpose backbone for time-series modeling. Through orthogonal channel partitioning and a progressive residual architecture, ANCHOR efficiently decouples multi-scale harmonic features while substantially suppressing the computational redundancy of multi-branch networks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ANCHOR achieves the best performance in most short-term forecasting sub-tasks and exhibits strong competitiveness on several specific sub-tasks in anomaly detection and time-series classification, validating its effectiveness as a universal time-series foundation backbone.

Optimizing Multi-Agent Weather Captioning via Text Gradient Descent: A Training-Free Approach with Consensus-Aware Gradient Fusion

Generating interpretable natural language captions from weather time series data remains a significant challenge at the intersection of meteorological science and natural language processing. While recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in time series forecasting and analysis, existing approaches either produce numerical predictions without human-accessible explanations or generate generic descriptions lacking domain-specific depth. We introduce WeatherTGD, a training-free multi-agent framework that reinterprets collaborative caption refinement through the lens of Text Gradient Descent (TGD). Our system deploys three specialized LLM agents including a Statistical Analyst, a Physics Interpreter, and a Meteorology Expert that generate domain-specific textual gradients from weather time series observations. These gradients are aggregated through a novel Consensus-Aware Gradient Fusion mechanism that extracts common signals while preserving unique domain perspectives. The fused gradients then guide an iterative refinement process analogous to gradient descent, where each LLM-generated feedback signal updates the caption toward an optimal solution. Experiments on real-world meteorological datasets demonstrate that WeatherTGD achieves significant improvements in both LLM-based evaluation and human expert evaluation, substantially outperforming existing multi-agent baselines while maintaining computational efficiency through parallel agent execution.

Cluster-Specific Predictive Modeling: A Scalable Solution for Resource-Constrained Wi-Fi Controllers

This manuscript presents a comprehensive analysis of predictive modeling optimization in managed Wi-Fi networks through the integration of clustering algorithms and model evaluation techniques. The study addresses the challenges of deploying forecasting algorithms in large-scale environments managed by a central controller constrained by memory and computational resources. Feature-based clustering, supported by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and advanced feature engineering, is employed to group time series data based on shared characteristics, enabling the development of cluster-specific predictive models. Comparative evaluations between global models (GMs) and cluster-specific models demonstrate that cluster-specific models consistently achieve superior accuracy in terms of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values in high-activity clusters. The trade-offs between model complexity (and accuracy) and resource utilization are analyzed, highlighting the scalability of tailored modeling approaches. The findings advocate for adaptive network management strategies that optimize resource allocation through selective model deployment, enhance predictive accuracy, and ensure scalable operations in large-scale, centrally managed Wi-Fi environments.

Fast and Interpretable Autoregressive Estimation with Neural Network Backpropagation

Autoregressive (AR) models remain widely used in time series analysis due to their interpretability, but convencional parameter estimation methods can be computationally expensive and prone to convergence issues. This paper proposes a Neural Network (NN) formulation of AR estimation by embedding the autoregressive structure directly into a feedforward NN, enabling coefficient estimation through backpropagation while preserving interpretability. Simulation experiments on 125,000 synthetic AR(p) time series with short-term dependence (1 <= p <= 5) show that the proposed NN-based method consistently recovers model coefficients for all series, while Conditional Maximum Likelihood (CML) fails to converge in approximately 55% of cases. When both methods converge, estimation accuracy is comparable with negligible differences in relative error, R2 and, perplexity/likelihood. However, when CML fails, the NN-based approach still provides reliable estimates. In all cases, the NN estimator achieves substantial computational gains, reaching a median speedup of 12.6x and up to 34.2x for higher model orders. Overall, results demonstrate that gradient-descent NN optimization can provide a fast and efficient alternative for interpretable AR parameter estimation.

AlignMamba-2: Enhancing Multimodal Fusion and Sentiment Analysis with Modality-Aware Mamba

In the era of large-scale pre-trained models, effectively adapting general knowledge to specific affective computing tasks remains a challenge, particularly regarding computational efficiency and multimodal heterogeneity. While Transformer-based methods have excelled at modeling inter-modal dependencies, their quadratic computational complexity limits their use with long-sequence data. Mamba-based models have emerged as a computationally efficient alternative; however, their inherent sequential scanning mechanism struggles to capture the global, non-sequential relationships that are crucial for effective cross-modal alignment. To address these limitations, we propose \textbf{AlignMamba-2}, an effective and efficient framework for multimodal fusion and sentiment analysis. Our approach introduces a dual alignment strategy that regularizes the model using both Optimal Transport distance and Maximum Mean Discrepancy, promoting geometric and statistical consistency between modalities without incurring any inference-time overhead. More importantly, we design a Modality-Aware Mamba layer, which employs a Mixture-of-Experts architecture with modality-specific and modality-shared experts to explicitly handle data heterogeneity during the fusion process. Extensive experiments on four challenging benchmarks, including dynamic time-series (on the CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI datasets) and static image-related tasks (on the NYU-Depth V2 and MVSA-Single datasets), demonstrate that AlignMamba-2 establishes a new state-of-the-art in both effectiveness and efficiency across diverse pattern recognition tasks, ranging from dynamic time-series analysis to static image-text classification.

Sense4HRI: A ROS 2 HRI Framework for Physiological Sensor Integration and Synchronized Logging

Physiological signals are increasingly relevant to estimate the mental states of users in human-robot interaction (HRI), yet ROS 2-based HRI frameworks still lack reusable support to integrate such data streams in a standardized way. Therefore, we propose Sense4HRI, an adapted framework for human-robot interaction in ROS 2 that integrates physiological measurements and derived user-state indicators. The framework is designed to be extensible, allowing the integration of additional physiological sensors, their interpretation, and multimodal fusion to provide a robust assessment of the mental states of users. In addition, it introduces reusable interfaces for timestamped physiological time-series data and supports synchronized logging of physiological signals together with experiment context, enabling interoperable and traceable multimodal analysis within ROS 2-based HRI systems.

Deep Autocorrelation Modeling for Time-Series Forecasting: Progress and Prospects

Autocorrelation is a defining characteristic of time-series data, where each observation is statistically dependent on its predecessors. In the context of deep time-series forecasting, autocorrelation arises in both the input history and the label sequences, presenting two central research challenges: (1) designing neural architectures that model autocorrelation in history sequences, and (2) devising learning objectives that model autocorrelation in label sequences. Recent studies have made strides in tackling these challenges, but a systematic survey examining both aspects remains lacking. To bridge this gap, this paper provides a comprehensive review of deep time-series forecasting from the perspective of autocorrelation modeling. In contrast to existing surveys, this work makes two distinctive contributions. First, it proposes a novel taxonomy that encompasses recent literature on both model architectures and learning objectives -- whereas prior surveys neglect or inadequately discuss the latter aspect. Second, it offers a thorough analysis of the motivations, insights, and progression of the surveyed literature from a unified, autocorrelation-centric perspective, providing a holistic overview of the evolution of deep time-series forecasting. The full list of papers and resources is available at https://github.com/Master-PLC/Awesome-TSF-Papers.

Spatio-Temporal Grid Intelligence: A Hybrid Graph Neural Network and LSTM Framework for Robust Electricity Theft Detection

Electricity theft, or non-technical loss (NTL), presents a persistent threat to global power systems, driving significant financial deficits and compromising grid stability. Conventional detection methodologies, predominantly reactive and meter-centric, often fail to capture the complex spatio-temporal dynamics and behavioral patterns associated with fraudulent consumption. This study introduces a novel AI-driven Grid Intelligence Framework that fuses Time-Series Anomaly Detection, Supervised Machine Learning, and Graph Neural Networks (GNN) to identify theft with high precision in imbalanced datasets. Leveraging an enriched feature set, including rolling averages, voltage drop estimates, and a critical Grid Imbalance Index, the methodology employs a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) autoencoder for temporal anomaly scoring, a Random Forest classifier for tabular feature discrimination, and a GNN to model spatial dependencies across the distribution network. Experimental validation demonstrates that while standalone anomaly detection yields a low theft F1-score of 0.20, the proposed hybrid fusion achieves an overall accuracy of 93.7%. By calibrating decision thresholds via precision-recall analysis, the system attains a balanced theft precision of 0.55 and recall of 0.50, effectively mitigating the false positives inherent in single-model approaches. These results confirm that integrating topological grid awareness with temporal and supervised analytics provides a scalable, risk-based solution for proactive electricity theft detection and enhanced smart grid reliability.

Revisiting OmniAnomaly for Anomaly Detection: performance metrics and comparison with PCA-based models

Deep learning models have become the dominant approach for multivariate time series anomaly detection (MTSAD), often reporting substantial performance improvements over classical statistical methods. However, these gains are frequently evaluated under heterogeneous thresholding strategies and evaluation protocols, making fair comparisons difficult. This work revisits OmniAnomaly, a widely used stochastic recurrent model for MTSAD, and systematically compares it with a simple linear baseline based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the Server Machine Dataset (SMD). Both methods are evaluated under identical thresholding and evaluation procedures, with experiments repeated across 100 runs for each of the 28 machines in the dataset. Performance is evaluated using Precision, Recall and F1-score at point-level, with and without point-adjustment, and under different aggregation strategies across machines and runs, with the corresponding standard deviations also reported. The results show large variability across machines and show that PCA can achieve performance comparable to OmniAnomaly, and even outperform it when point-adjustment is not applied. These findings question the added value of more complex architectures under current benchmarking practices and highlight the critical role of evaluation methodology in MTSAD research.

Unified Taxonomy for Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection using Deep Learning

The topic of Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection (MTSAD) has grown rapidly over the past years, with a steady rise in publications and Deep Learning (DL) models becoming the dominant paradigm. To address the lack of systematization in the field, this study introduces a novel and unified taxonomy with eleven dimensions over three parts (Input, Output and Model) for the categorization of DL-based MTSAD methods. The dimensions were established in a two-fold approach. First, they derived from a comprehensive analysis of methodological studies. Second, insights from review papers were incorporated. Furthermore, the proposed taxonomy was validated using an additional set of recent publications, providing a clear overview of methodological trends in MTSAD. Results reveal a convergence toward Transformer-based and reconstruction and prediction models, setting the foundation for emerging adaptive and generative trends. Building on and complementing existing surveys, this unified taxonomy is designed to accommodate future developments, allowing for new categories or dimensions to be added as the field progresses. This work thus consolidates fragmented knowledge in the field and provides a reference point for future research in MTSAD.