COMET: Towards Partical W4A4KV4 LLMs Serving

Quantization is a widely-used compression technology to reduce the overhead of serving large language models (LLMs) on terminal devices and in cloud data centers. However, prevalent quantization methods, such as 8-bit weight-activation or 4-bit weight-only quantization, achieve limited performance improvements due to poor support for low-precision (e.g., 4-bit) activation. This work, for the first time, realizes practical W4A4KV4 serving for LLMs, fully utilizing the INT4 tensor cores on modern GPUs and reducing the memory bottleneck caused by the KV cache. Specifically, we propose a novel fine-grained mixed-precision quantization algorithm (FMPQ) that compresses most activations into 4-bit with negligible accuracy loss. To support mixed-precision matrix multiplication for W4A4 and W4A8, we develop a highly optimized W4Ax kernel. Our approach introduces a novel mixed-precision data layout to facilitate access and fast dequantization for activation and weight tensors, utilizing the GPU's software pipeline to hide the overhead of data loading and conversion. Additionally, we propose fine-grained streaming multiprocessor (SM) scheduling to achieve load balance across different SMs. We integrate the optimized W4Ax kernel into our inference framework, COMET, and provide efficient management to support popular LLMs such as LLaMA-3-70B. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that, when running LLaMA family models on a single A100-80G-SMX4, COMET achieves a kernel-level speedup of \textbf{$2.88\times$} over cuBLAS and a \textbf{$2.02 \times$} throughput improvement compared to TensorRT-LLM from an end-to-end framework perspective.

BitQ: Tailoring Block Floating Point Precision for Improved DNN Efficiency on Resource-Constrained Devices

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are powerful for cognitive tasks such as image classification, object detection, and scene segmentation. One drawback however is the significant high computational complexity and memory consumption, which makes them unfeasible to run real-time on embedded platforms because of the limited hardware resources. Block floating point (BFP) quantization is one of the representative compression approaches for reducing the memory and computational burden owing to their capability to effectively capture the broad data distribution of DNN models. Unfortunately, prior works on BFP-based quantization empirically choose the block size and the precision that preserve accuracy. In this paper, we develop a BFP-based bitwidth-aware analytical modeling framework (called ``BitQ'') for the best BFP implementation of DNN inference on embedded platforms. We formulate and resolve an optimization problem to identify the optimal BFP block size and bitwidth distribution by the trade-off of both accuracy and performance loss. Experimental results show that compared with an equal bitwidth setting, the BFP DNNs with optimized bitwidth allocation provide efficient computation, preserving accuracy on famous benchmarks. The source code and data are available at https://github.com/Cheliosoops/BitQ.

SuperEncoder: Towards Universal Neural Approximate Quantum State Preparation

Numerous quantum algorithms operate under the assumption that classical data has already been converted into quantum states, a process termed Quantum State Preparation (QSP). However, achieving precise QSP requires a circuit depth that scales exponentially with the number of qubits, making it a substantial obstacle in harnessing quantum advantage. Recent research suggests using a Parameterized Quantum Circuit (PQC) to approximate a target state, offering a more scalable solution with reduced circuit depth compared to precise QSP. Despite this, the need for iterative updates of circuit parameters results in a lengthy runtime, limiting its practical application. In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to leverage a pre-trained neural network to directly generate the QSP circuit for arbitrary quantum state, thereby eliminating the significant overhead of online iterations. Our study makes a steady step towards a universal neural designer for approximate QSP.

Natural language is not enough: Benchmarking multi-modal generative AI for Verilog generation

Natural language interfaces have exhibited considerable potential in the automation of Verilog generation derived from high-level specifications through the utilization of large language models, garnering significant attention. Nevertheless, this paper elucidates that visual representations contribute essential contextual information critical to design intent for hardware architectures possessing spatial complexity, potentially surpassing the efficacy of natural-language-only inputs. Expanding upon this premise, our paper introduces an open-source benchmark for multi-modal generative models tailored for Verilog synthesis from visual-linguistic inputs, addressing both singular and complex modules. Additionally, we introduce an open-source visual and natural language Verilog query language framework to facilitate efficient and user-friendly multi-modal queries. To evaluate the performance of the proposed multi-modal hardware generative AI in Verilog generation tasks, we compare it with a popular method that relies solely on natural language. Our results demonstrate a significant accuracy improvement in the multi-modal generated Verilog compared to queries based solely on natural language. We hope to reveal a new approach to hardware design in the large-hardware-design-model era, thereby fostering a more diversified and productive approach to hardware design.

Corki: Enabling Real-time Embodied AI Robots via Algorithm-Architecture Co-Design

Embodied AI robots have the potential to fundamentally improve the way human beings live and manufacture. Continued progress in the burgeoning field of using large language models to control robots depends critically on an efficient computing substrate. In particular, today's computing systems for embodied AI robots are designed purely based on the interest of algorithm developers, where robot actions are divided into a discrete frame-basis. Such an execution pipeline creates high latency and energy consumption. This paper proposes Corki, an algorithm-architecture co-design framework for real-time embodied AI robot control. Our idea is to decouple LLM inference, robotic control and data communication in the embodied AI robots compute pipeline. Instead of predicting action for one single frame, Corki predicts the trajectory for the near future to reduce the frequency of LLM inference. The algorithm is coupled with a hardware that accelerates transforming trajectory into actual torque signals used to control robots and an execution pipeline that parallels data communication with computation. Corki largely reduces LLM inference frequency by up to 8.0x, resulting in up to 3.6x speed up. The success rate improvement can be up to 17.3%. Code is provided for re-implementation. https://github.com/hyy0613/Corki

RBDCore: Robot Rigid Body Dynamics Accelerator with Multifunctional Pipelines

Rigid body dynamics is a key technology in the robotics field. In trajectory optimization and model predictive control algorithms, there are usually a large number of rigid body dynamics computing tasks. Using CPUs to process these tasks consumes a lot of time, which will affect the real-time performance of robots. To this end, we propose a multifunctional robot rigid body dynamics accelerator, named RBDCore, to address the performance bottleneck. By analyzing different functions commonly used in robot dynamics calculations, we summarize their reuse relationship and optimize them according to the hardware. Based on this, RBDCore can fully reuse common hardware modules when processing different computing tasks. By dynamically switching the dataflow path, RBDCore can accelerate various dynamics functions without reconfiguring the hardware. We design Structure-Adaptive Pipelines for RBDCore, which can greatly improve the throughput of the accelerator. Robots with different structures and parameters can be optimized specifically. Compared with the state-of-the-art CPU, GPU dynamics libraries and FPGA accelerator, RBDCore can significantly improve the performance.

ChipGPT: How far are we from natural language hardware design

As large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT exhibited unprecedented machine intelligence, it also shows great performance in assisting hardware engineers to realize higher-efficiency logic design via natural language interaction. To estimate the potential of the hardware design process assisted by LLMs, this work attempts to demonstrate an automated design environment that explores LLMs to generate hardware logic designs from natural language specifications. To realize a more accessible and efficient chip development flow, we present a scalable four-stage zero-code logic design framework based on LLMs without retraining or finetuning. At first, the demo, ChipGPT, begins by generating prompts for the LLM, which then produces initial Verilog programs. Second, an output manager corrects and optimizes these programs before collecting them into the final design space. Eventually, ChipGPT will search through this space to select the optimal design under the target metrics. The evaluation sheds some light on whether LLMs can generate correct and complete hardware logic designs described by natural language for some specifications. It is shown that ChipGPT improves programmability, and controllability, and shows broader design optimization space compared to prior work and native LLMs alone.

Depth-NeuS: Neural Implicit Surfaces Learning for Multi-view Reconstruction Based on Depth Information Optimization

Recently, methods for neural surface representation and rendering, for example NeuS, have shown that learning neural implicit surfaces through volume rendering is becoming increasingly popular and making good progress. However, these methods still face some challenges. Existing methods lack a direct representation of depth information, which makes object reconstruction unrestricted by geometric features, resulting in poor reconstruction of objects with texture and color features. This is because existing methods only use surface normals to represent implicit surfaces without using depth information. Therefore, these methods cannot model the detailed surface features of objects well. To address this problem, we propose a neural implicit surface learning method called Depth-NeuS based on depth information optimization for multi-view reconstruction. In this paper, we introduce depth loss to explicitly constrain SDF regression and introduce geometric consistency loss to optimize for low-texture areas. Specific experiments show that Depth-NeuS outperforms existing technologies in multiple scenarios and achieves high-quality surface reconstruction in multiple scenarios.

Neural-PIM: Efficient Processing-In-Memory with Neural Approximation of Peripherals

Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures have demonstrated great potential in accelerating numerous deep learning tasks. Particularly, resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices provide a promising hardware substrate to build PIM accelerators due to their abilities to realize efficient in-situ vector-matrix multiplications (VMMs). However, existing PIM accelerators suffer from frequent and energy-intensive analog-to-digital (A/D) conversions, severely limiting their performance. This paper presents a new PIM architecture to efficiently accelerate deep learning tasks by minimizing the required A/D conversions with analog accumulation and neural approximated peripheral circuits. We first characterize the different dataflows employed by existing PIM accelerators, based on which a new dataflow is proposed to remarkably reduce the required A/D conversions for VMMs by extending shift and add (S+A) operations into the analog domain before the final quantizations. We then leverage a neural approximation method to design both analog accumulation circuits (S+A) and quantization circuits (ADCs) with RRAM crossbar arrays in a highly-efficient manner. Finally, we apply them to build an RRAM-based PIM accelerator (i.e., \textbf{Neural-PIM}) upon the proposed analog dataflow and evaluate its system-level performance. Evaluations on different benchmarks demonstrate that Neural-PIM can improve energy efficiency by 5.36x (1.73x) and speed up throughput by 3.43x (1.59x) without losing accuracy, compared to the state-of-the-art RRAM-based PIM accelerators, i.e., ISAAC (CASCADE).

Exploring Spatial-Temporal Multi-Frequency Analysis for High-Fidelity and Temporal-Consistency Video Prediction

Video prediction is a pixel-wise dense prediction task to infer future frames based on past frames. Missing appearance details and motion blur are still two major problems for current predictive models, which lead to image distortion and temporal inconsistency. In this paper, we point out the necessity of exploring multi-frequency analysis to deal with the two problems. Inspired by the frequency band decomposition characteristic of Human Vision System (HVS), we propose a video prediction network based on multi-level wavelet analysis to deal with spatial and temporal information in a unified manner. Specifically, the multi-level spatial discrete wavelet transform decomposes each video frame into anisotropic sub-bands with multiple frequencies, helping to enrich structural information and reserve fine details. On the other hand, multi-level temporal discrete wavelet transform which operates on time axis decomposes the frame sequence into sub-band groups of different frequencies to accurately capture multi-frequency motions under a fixed frame rate. Extensive experiments on diverse datasets demonstrate that our model shows significant improvements on fidelity and temporal consistency over state-of-the-art works.