Benchmarks for Trajectory Safety Evaluation and Diagnosis in OpenClaw and Codex: ATBench-Claw and ATBench-CodeX

As agent systems move into increasingly diverse execution settings, trajectory-level safety evaluation and diagnosis require benchmarks that evolve with them. ATBench is a diverse and realistic agent trajectory benchmark for safety evaluation and diagnosis. This report presents ATBench-Claw and ATBench-CodeX, two domain-customized extensions that carry ATBench into the OpenClaw and OpenAI Codex / Codex-runtime settings. The key adaptation mechanism is to analyze each new setting, customize the three-dimensional Safety Taxonomy over risk source, failure mode, and real-world harm, and then use that customized taxonomy to define the benchmark specification consumed by the shared ATBench construction pipeline. This extensibility matters because agent frameworks remain relatively stable at the architectural level even as their concrete execution settings, tool ecosystems, and product capabilities evolve quickly. Concretely, ATBench-Claw targets OpenClaw-sensitive execution chains over tools, skills, sessions, and external actions, while ATBench-CodeX targets trajectories in the OpenAI Codex / Codex-runtime setting over repositories, shells, patches, dependencies, approvals, and runtime policy boundaries. Our emphasis therefore falls on taxonomy customization, domain-specific risk coverage, and benchmark design under a shared ATBench generation framework.

SEARL: Joint Optimization of Policy and Tool Graph Memory for Self-Evolving Agents

Recent advances in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) have demonstrated significant potential in single-turn reasoning tasks. With the paradigm shift toward self-evolving agentic learning, models are increasingly expected to learn from trajectories by synthesizing tools or accumulating explicit experiences. However, prevailing methods typically rely on large-scale LLMs or multi-agent frameworks, which hinder their deployment in resource-constrained environments. The inherent sparsity of outcome-based rewards also poses a substantial challenge, as agents typically receive feedback only upon completion of tasks. To address these limitations, we introduce a Tool-Memory based self-evolving agentic framework SEARL. Unlike approaches that directly utilize interaction experiences, our method constructs a structured experience memory that integrates planning with execution. This provides a novel state abstraction that facilitates generalization across analogous contexts, such as tool reuse. Consequently, agents extract explicit knowledge from historical data while leveraging inter-trajectory correlations to densify reward signals. We evaluate our framework on knowledge reasoning and mathematics tasks, demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving more practical and efficient learning.

Rethinking Generalization in Reasoning SFT: A Conditional Analysis on Optimization, Data, and Model Capability

A prevailing narrative in LLM post-training holds that supervised finetuning (SFT) memorizes while reinforcement learning (RL) generalizes. We revisit this claim for reasoning SFT with long chain-of-thought (CoT) supervision and find that cross-domain generalization is not absent but conditional, jointly shaped by optimization dynamics, training data, and base-model capability. Some reported failures are under-optimization artifacts: cross-domain performance first degrades before recovering and improving with extended training (a dip-and-recovery pattern), so shorttraining checkpoints can underestimate generalization. Data quality and structure both matter: low-quality solutions broadly hurt generalization,while verified long-CoT traces yield consistent cross-domain gains. Model capability is essential: stronger models internalize transferable procedural patterns (e.g., backtracking) even from a toy arithmetic game, while weaker ones imitate surface verbosity. This generalization is asymmetric, however: reasoning improves while safety degrades, reframing the question from whether reasoning SFT generalizes to under what conditions and at what cost.

ATBench: A Diverse and Realistic Agent Trajectory Benchmark for Safety Evaluation and Diagnosis

Evaluating the safety of LLM-based agents is increasingly important because risks in realistic deployments often emerge over multi-step interactions rather than isolated prompts or final responses. Existing trajectory-level benchmarks remain limited by insufficient interaction diversity, coarse observability of safety failures, and weak long-horizon realism. We introduce ATBench, a trajectory-level benchmark for structured, diverse, and realistic evaluation of agent safety. ATBench organizes agentic risk along three dimensions: risk source, failure mode, and real-world harm. Based on this taxonomy, we construct trajectories with heterogeneous tool pools and a long-context delayed-trigger protocol that captures realistic risk emergence across multiple stages. The benchmark contains 1,000 trajectories (503 safe and 497 unsafe), averaging 9.01 turns and 3.95k tokens, with 1,954 invoked tools drawn from pools spanning 2,084 available tools. Data quality is supported by rule-based and LLM-based filtering plus full human audit. Experiments on frontier LLMs, open-source models, and specialized guard systems show that ATBench is challenging even for strong evaluators, while enabling taxonomy-stratified analysis, cross-benchmark comparison, and diagnosis of long-horizon failure patterns.

DARE: Diffusion Large Language Models Alignment and Reinforcement Executor

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are emerging as a compelling alternative to dominant autoregressive models, replacing strictly sequential token generation with iterative denoising and parallel generation dynamics. However, their open-source ecosystem remains fragmented across model families and, in particular, across post-training pipelines, where reinforcement learning objectives, rollout implementations and evaluation scripts are often released as paper-specific codebases. This fragmentation slows research iteration, raises the engineering burden of reproduction, and makes fair comparison across algorithms difficult. We present \textbf{DARE} (\textbf{d}LLMs \textbf{A}lignment and \textbf{R}einforcement \textbf{E}xecutor), an open framework for post-training and evaluating dLLMs. Built on top of verl~\cite{sheng2024hybridflow} and OpenCompass~\cite{2023opencompass}, DARE unifies supervised fine-tuning, parameter-efficient fine-tuning, preference optimization, and dLLM-specific reinforcement learning under a shared execution stack for both masked and block diffusion language models. Across representative model families including LLaDA, Dream, SDAR, and LLaDA2.x, DARE provides broad algorithmic coverage, reproducible benchmark evaluation, and practical acceleration. Extensive empirical results position that DARE serves as a reusable research substrate for developing, comparing, and deploying post-training methods for current and emerging dLLMs.

Valence-Arousal Subspace in LLMs: Circular Emotion Geometry and Multi-Behavioral Control

We present a method to identify a valence-arousal (VA) subspace within large language model representations. From 211k emotion-labeled texts, we derive emotion steering vectors, then learn VA axes as linear combinations of their top PCA components via ridge regression on the model's self-reported valence-arousal scores. The resulting VA subspace exhibits circular geometry consistent with established models of human emotion perception. Projections along our recovered VA subspace correlate with human-crowdsourced VA ratings across 44k lexical items. Furthermore, steering generation along these axes produces monotonic shifts in the corresponding affective dimensions of model outputs. Steering along these directions also induces near-monotonic bidirectional control over refusal and sycophancy: increasing arousal decreases refusal and increases sycophancy, and vice versa. These effects replicate across Llama-3.1-8B, Qwen3-8B, and Qwen3-14B, demonstrating cross-architecture generality. We provide a mechanistic account for these effects and prior emotionally-framed controls: refusal-associated tokens ("I can't," "sorry") occupy low-arousal, negative-valence regions, so VA steering directly modulates their emission probability.

ATBench: A Diverse and Realistic Trajectory Benchmark for Long-Horizon Agent Safety

Evaluating the safety of LLM-based agents is increasingly important because risks in realistic deployments often emerge over multi-step interactions rather than isolated prompts or final responses. Existing trajectory-level benchmarks remain limited by insufficient interaction diversity, coarse observability of safety failures, and weak long-horizon realism. We introduce ATBench, a trajectory-level benchmark for structured, diverse, and realistic evaluation of agent safety. ATBench organizes agentic risk along three dimensions: risk source, failure mode, and real-world harm. Based on this taxonomy, we construct trajectories with heterogeneous tool pools and a long-context delayed-trigger protocol that captures realistic risk emergence across multiple stages. The benchmark contains 1,000 trajectories (503 safe and 497 unsafe), averaging 9.01 turns and 3.95k tokens, with 1,954 invoked tools drawn from pools spanning 2,084 available tools. Data quality is supported by rule-based and LLM-based filtering plus full human audit. Experiments on frontier LLMs, open-source models, and specialized guard systems show that ATBench is challenging even for strong evaluators, while enabling taxonomy-stratified analysis, cross-benchmark comparison, and diagnosis of long-horizon failure patterns.

Seeing with You: Perception-Reasoning Coevolution for Multimodal Reasoning

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has substantially enhanced the reasoning capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). However, existing RLVR approaches typically rely on outcome-driven optimization that updates both perception and reasoning using a shared reward based solely on the final answer. This shared reward blurs credit assignment, frequently improving reasoning patterns while failing to reliably enhance the accuracy of upstream visual evidence extraction. To address this perception bottleneck, we introduce PRCO (Perception-Reasoning Coevolution), a dual-role RLVR framework with a shared policy. PRCO consists of two cooperative roles: an Observer that generates an evidence caption tailored to the question and a Solver that predicts the final answer based on this caption. Crucially, PRCO employs role-specific reward signals: the Solver is optimized using verifiable outcome rewards on the final answer, while the Observer receives a utility reward derived from the Solver's downstream success. Extensive experiments across eight challenging multimodal reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that PRCO yields consistent improvements across model scales by over 7 points on average accuracy compared to the base model, outperforming prior open-source RL-tuned baselines.

TreeTeaming: Autonomous Red-Teaming of Vision-Language Models via Hierarchical Strategy Exploration

The rapid advancement of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) has brought their safety vulnerabilities into sharp focus. However, existing red teaming methods are fundamentally constrained by an inherent linear exploration paradigm, confining them to optimizing within a predefined strategy set and preventing the discovery of novel, diverse exploits. To transcend this limitation, we introduce TreeTeaming, an automated red teaming framework that reframes strategy exploration from static testing to a dynamic, evolutionary discovery process. At its core lies a strategic Orchestrator, powered by a Large Language Model (LLM), which autonomously decides whether to evolve promising attack paths or explore diverse strategic branches, thereby dynamically constructing and expanding a strategy tree. A multimodal actuator is then tasked with executing these complex strategies. In the experiments across 12 prominent VLMs, TreeTeaming achieves state-of-the-art attack success rates on 11 models, outperforming existing methods and reaching up to 87.60\% on GPT-4o. The framework also demonstrates superior strategic diversity over the union of previously public jailbreak strategies. Furthermore, the generated attacks exhibit an average toxicity reduction of 23.09\%, showcasing their stealth and subtlety. Our work introduces a new paradigm for automated vulnerability discovery, underscoring the necessity of proactive exploration beyond static heuristics to secure frontier AI models.

HomeGuard: VLM-based Embodied Safeguard for Identifying Contextual Risk in Household Task

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) empower embodied agents to execute complex instructions, yet they remain vulnerable to contextual safety risks where benign commands become hazardous due to subtle environmental states. Existing safeguards often prove inadequate. Rule-based methods lack scalability in object-dense scenes, whereas model-based approaches relying on prompt engineering suffer from unfocused perception, resulting in missed risks or hallucinations. To address this, we propose an architecture-agnostic safeguard featuring Context-Guided Chain-of-Thought (CG-CoT). This mechanism decomposes risk assessment into active perception that sequentially anchors attention to interaction targets and relevant spatial neighborhoods, followed by semantic judgment based on this visual evidence. We support this approach with a curated grounding dataset and a two-stage training strategy utilizing Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (RFT) with process rewards to enforce precise intermediate grounding. Experiments demonstrate that our model HomeGuard significantly enhances safety, improving risk match rates by over 30% compared to base models while reducing oversafety. Beyond hazard detection, the generated visual anchors serve as actionable spatial constraints for downstream planners, facilitating explicit collision avoidance and safety trajectory generation. Code and data are released under https://github.com/AI45Lab/HomeGuard