SoK: Decentralized AI (DeAI)

The centralization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses significant challenges, including single points of failure, inherent biases, data privacy concerns, and scalability issues. These problems are especially prevalent in closed-source large language models (LLMs), where user data is collected and used without transparency. To mitigate these issues, blockchain-based decentralized AI (DeAI) has emerged as a promising solution. DeAI combines the strengths of both blockchain and AI technologies to enhance the transparency, security, decentralization, and trustworthiness of AI systems. However, a comprehensive understanding of state-of-the-art DeAI development, particularly for active industry solutions, is still lacking. In this work, we present a Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) for blockchain-based DeAI solutions. We propose a taxonomy to classify existing DeAI protocols based on the model lifecycle. Based on this taxonomy, we provide a structured way to clarify the landscape of DeAI protocols and identify their similarities and differences. We analyze the functionalities of blockchain in DeAI, investigating how blockchain features contribute to enhancing the security, transparency, and trustworthiness of AI processes, while also ensuring fair incentives for AI data and model contributors. In addition, we identify key insights and research gaps in developing DeAI protocols, highlighting several critical avenues for future research.

IM-GIV: an effective integrity monitoring scheme for tightly-coupled GNSS/INS/Vision integration based on factor graph optimization

Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System (GNSS/INS)/Vision integration based on factor graph optimization (FGO) has recently attracted extensive attention in navigation and robotics community. Integrity monitoring (IM) capability is required when FGO-based integrated navigation system is used for safety-critical applications. However, traditional researches on IM of integrated navigation system are mostly based on Kalman filter. It is urgent to develop effective IM scheme for FGO-based GNSS/INS/Vision integration. In this contribution, the position error bounding formula to ensure the integrity of the GNSS/INS/Vision integration based on FGO is designed and validated for the first time. It can be calculated by the linearized equations from the residuals of GNSS pseudo-range, IMU pre-integration and visual measurements. The specific position error bounding is given in the case of GNSS, INS and visual measurement faults. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate and validate the performance of the proposed position error bounding. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed position error bounding for the GNSS/INS/Vision integration based on FGO can correctly fit the position error against different fault modes, and the availability of integrity in six fault modes is 100% after correct and timely fault exclusion.

SSFold: Learning to Fold Arbitrary Crumpled Cloth Using Graph Dynamics from Human Demonstration

Robotic cloth manipulation faces challenges due to the fabric's complex dynamics and the high dimensionality of configuration spaces. Previous methods have largely focused on isolated smoothing or folding tasks and overly reliant on simulations, often failing to bridge the significant sim-to-real gap in deformable object manipulation. To overcome these challenges, we propose a two-stream architecture with sequential and spatial pathways, unifying smoothing and folding tasks into a single adaptable policy model that accommodates various cloth types and states. The sequential stream determines the pick and place positions for the cloth, while the spatial stream, using a connectivity dynamics model, constructs a visibility graph from partial point cloud data of the self-occluded cloth, allowing the robot to infer the cloth's full configuration from incomplete observations. To bridge the sim-to-real gap, we utilize a hand tracking detection algorithm to gather and integrate human demonstration data into our novel end-to-end neural network, improving real-world adaptability. Our method, validated on a UR5 robot across four distinct cloth folding tasks with different goal shapes, consistently achieves folded states from arbitrary crumpled initial configurations, with success rates of 99\%, 99\%, 83\%, and 67\%. It outperforms existing state-of-the-art cloth manipulation techniques and demonstrates strong generalization to unseen cloth with diverse colors, shapes, and stiffness in real-world experiments.Videos and source code are available at: https://zcswdt.github.io/SSFold/

Multi-Continental Healthcare Modelling Using Blockchain-Enabled Federated Learning

One of the biggest challenges of building artificial intelligence (AI) model in healthcare area is the data sharing. Since healthcare data is private, sensitive, and heterogeneous, collecting sufficient data for modelling is exhausted, costly, and sometimes impossible. In this paper, we propose a framework for global healthcare modelling using datasets from multi-continents (Europe, North America and Asia) while without sharing the local datasets, and choose glucose management as a study model to verify its effectiveness. Technically, blockchain-enabled federated learning is implemented with adaption to make it meet with the privacy and safety requirements of healthcare data, meanwhile rewards honest participation and penalize malicious activities using its on-chain incentive mechanism. Experimental results show that the proposed framework is effective, efficient, and privacy preserved. Its prediction accuracy is much better than the models trained from limited personal data and is similar to, and even slightly better than, the results from a centralized dataset. This work paves the way for international collaborations on healthcare projects, where additional data is crucial for reducing bias and providing benefits to humanity.

Safety Control of Service Robots with LLMs and Embodied Knowledge Graphs

Safety limitations in service robotics across various industries have raised significant concerns about the need for robust mechanisms ensuring that robots adhere to safe practices, thereby preventing actions that might harm humans or cause property damage. Despite advances, including the integration of Knowledge Graphs (KGs) with Large Language Models (LLMs), challenges in ensuring consistent safety in autonomous robot actions persist. In this paper, we propose a novel integration of Large Language Models with Embodied Robotic Control Prompts (ERCPs) and Embodied Knowledge Graphs (EKGs) to enhance the safety framework for service robots. ERCPs are designed as predefined instructions that ensure LLMs generate safe and precise responses. These responses are subsequently validated by EKGs, which provide a comprehensive knowledge base ensuring that the actions of the robot are continuously aligned with safety protocols, thereby promoting safer operational practices in varied contexts. Our experimental setup involved diverse real-world tasks, where robots equipped with our framework demonstrated significantly higher compliance with safety standards compared to traditional methods. This integration fosters secure human-robot interactions and positions our methodology at the forefront of AI-driven safety innovations in service robotics.

PE-MVCNet: Multi-view and Cross-modal Fusion Network for Pulmonary Embolism Prediction

The early detection of a pulmonary embolism (PE) is critical for enhancing patient survival rates. Both image-based and non-image-based features are of utmost importance in medical classification tasks. In a clinical setting, physicians tend to rely on the contextual information provided by Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to interpret medical imaging. However, very few models effectively integrate clinical information with imaging data. To address this shortcoming, we suggest a multimodal fusion methodology, termed PE-MVCNet, which capitalizes on Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography imaging and EMR data. This method comprises the Image-only module with an integrated multi-view block, the EMR-only module, and the Cross-modal Attention Fusion (CMAF) module. These modules cooperate to extract comprehensive features that subsequently generate predictions for PE. We conducted experiments using the publicly accessible Stanford University Medical Center dataset, achieving an AUROC of 94.1%, an accuracy rate of 90.2%, and an F1 score of 90.6%. Our proposed model outperforms existing methodologies, corroborating that our multimodal fusion model excels compared to models that use a single data modality. Our source code is available at https://github.com/LeavingStarW/PE-MVCNET.

Emergence and Causality in Complex Systems: A Survey on Causal Emergence and Related Quantitative Studies

Emergence and causality are two fundamental concepts for understanding complex systems. They are interconnected. On one hand, emergence refers to the phenomenon where macroscopic properties cannot be solely attributed to the cause of individual properties. On the other hand, causality can exhibit emergence, meaning that new causal laws may arise as we increase the level of abstraction. Causal emergence theory aims to bridge these two concepts and even employs measures of causality to quantify emergence. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in quantitative theories and applications of causal emergence. Two key problems are addressed: quantifying causal emergence and identifying it in data. Addressing the latter requires the use of machine learning techniques, thus establishing a connection between causal emergence and artificial intelligence. We highlighted that the architectures used for identifying causal emergence are shared by causal representation learning, causal model abstraction, and world model-based reinforcement learning. Consequently, progress in any of these areas can benefit the others. Potential applications and future perspectives are also discussed in the final section of the review.

A Survey on Robotic Manipulation of Deformable Objects: Recent Advances, Open Challenges and New Frontiers

Deformable object manipulation (DOM) for robots has a wide range of applications in various fields such as industrial, service and health care sectors. However, compared to manipulation of rigid objects, DOM poses significant challenges for robotic perception, modeling and manipulation, due to the infinite dimensionality of the state space of deformable objects (DOs) and the complexity of their dynamics. The development of computer graphics and machine learning has enabled novel techniques for DOM. These techniques, based on data-driven paradigms, can address some of the challenges that analytical approaches of DOM face. However, some existing reviews do not include all aspects of DOM, and some previous reviews do not summarize data-driven approaches adequately. In this article, we survey more than 150 relevant studies (data-driven approaches mainly) and summarize recent advances, open challenges, and new frontiers for aspects of perception, modeling and manipulation for DOs. Particularly, we summarize initial progress made by Large Language Models (LLMs) in robotic manipulation, and indicates some valuable directions for further research. We believe that integrating data-driven approaches and analytical approaches can provide viable solutions to open challenges of DOM.

Robot Learning in the Era of Foundation Models: A Survey

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has s fueled a shift in robot learning from automation towards general embodied Artificial Intelligence (AI). Adopting foundation models together with traditional learning methods to robot learning has increasingly gained recent interest research community and showed potential for real-life application. However, there are few literatures comprehensively reviewing the relatively new technologies combined with robotics. The purpose of this review is to systematically assess the state-of-the-art foundation model techniques in the robot learning and to identify future potential areas. Specifically, we first summarized the technical evolution of robot learning and identified the necessary preliminary preparations for foundation models including the simulators, datasets, foundation model framework. In addition, we focused on the following four mainstream areas of robot learning including manipulation, navigation, planning, and reasoning and demonstrated how the foundation model techniques can be adopted in the above scenarios. Furthermore, critical issues which are neglected in the current literatures including robot hardware and software decoupling, dynamic data, generalization performance with the presence of human, etc. were discussed. This review highlights the state-of-the-art progress of foundation models in robot learning and future research should focus on multimodal interaction especially dynamics data, exclusive foundation models for robots, and AI alignment, etc.

An Approach for Multi-Object Tracking with Two-Stage Min-Cost Flow

The minimum network flow algorithm is widely used in multi-target tracking. However, the majority of the present methods concentrate exclusively on minimizing cost functions whose values may not indicate accurate solutions under occlusions. In this paper, by exploiting the properties of tracklets intersections and low-confidence detections, we develop a two-stage tracking pipeline with an intersection mask that can accurately locate inaccurate tracklets which are corrected in the second stage. Specifically, we employ the minimum network flow algorithm with high-confidence detections as input in the first stage to obtain the candidate tracklets that need correction. Then we leverage the intersection mask to accurately locate the inaccurate parts of candidate tracklets. The second stage utilizes low-confidence detections that may be attributed to occlusions for correcting inaccurate tracklets. This process constructs a graph of nodes in inaccurate tracklets and low-confidence nodes and uses it for the second round of minimum network flow calculation. We perform sufficient experiments on popular MOT benchmark datasets and achieve 78.4 MOTA on the test set of MOT16, 79.2 on MOT17, and 76.4 on MOT20, which shows that the proposed method is effective.