Efficient and generalizable nested Fourier-DeepONet for three-dimensional geological carbon sequestration

Geological carbon sequestration (GCS) involves injecting CO$_2$ into subsurface geological formations for permanent storage. Numerical simulations could guide decisions in GCS projects by predicting CO$_2$ migration pathways and the pressure distribution in storage formation. However, these simulations are often computationally expensive due to highly coupled physics and large spatial-temporal simulation domains. Surrogate modeling with data-driven machine learning has become a promising alternative to accelerate physics-based simulations. Among these, the Fourier neural operator (FNO) has been applied to three-dimensional synthetic subsurface models. Here, to further improve performance, we have developed a nested Fourier-DeepONet by combining the expressiveness of the FNO with the modularity of a deep operator network (DeepONet). This new framework is twice as efficient as a nested FNO for training and has at least 80% lower GPU memory requirement due to its flexibility to treat temporal coordinates separately. These performance improvements are achieved without compromising prediction accuracy. In addition, the generalization and extrapolation ability of nested Fourier-DeepONet beyond the training range has been thoroughly evaluated. Nested Fourier-DeepONet outperformed the nested FNO for extrapolation in time with more than 50% reduced error. It also exhibited good extrapolation accuracy beyond the training range in terms of reservoir properties, number of wells, and injection rate.

Beyond First-Order: A Multi-Scale Approach to Finger Knuckle Print Biometrics

Recently, finger knuckle prints (FKPs) have gained attention due to their rich textural patterns, positioning them as a promising biometric for identity recognition. Prior FKP recognition methods predominantly leverage first-order feature descriptors, which capture intricate texture details but fail to account for structural information. Emerging research, however, indicates that second-order textures, which describe the curves and arcs of the textures, encompass this overlooked structural information. This paper introduces a novel FKP recognition approach, the Dual-Order Texture Competition Network (DOTCNet), designed to capture texture information in FKP images comprehensively. DOTCNet incorporates three dual-order texture competitive modules (DTCMs), each targeting textures at different scales. Each DTCM employs a learnable texture descriptor, specifically a learnable Gabor filter (LGF), to extract texture features. By leveraging LGFs, the network extracts first and second order textures to describe fine textures and structural features thoroughly. Furthermore, an attention mechanism enhances relevant features in the first-order features, thereby highlighting significant texture details. For second-order features, a competitive mechanism emphasizes structural information while reducing noise from higher-order features. Extensive experimental results reveal that DOTCNet significantly outperforms several standard algorithms on the publicly available PolyU-FKP dataset.

Cephalometric Landmark Detection across Ages with Prototypical Network

Automated cephalometric landmark detection is crucial in real-world orthodontic diagnosis. Current studies mainly focus on only adult subjects, neglecting the clinically crucial scenario presented by adolescents whose landmarks often exhibit significantly different appearances compared to adults. Hence, an open question arises about how to develop a unified and effective detection algorithm across various age groups, including adolescents and adults. In this paper, we propose CeLDA, the first work for Cephalometric Landmark Detection across Ages. Our method leverages a prototypical network for landmark detection by comparing image features with landmark prototypes. To tackle the appearance discrepancy of landmarks between age groups, we design new strategies for CeLDA to improve prototype alignment and obtain a holistic estimation of landmark prototypes from a large set of training images. Moreover, a novel prototype relation mining paradigm is introduced to exploit the anatomical relations between the landmark prototypes. Extensive experiments validate the superiority of CeLDA in detecting cephalometric landmarks on both adult and adolescent subjects. To our knowledge, this is the first effort toward developing a unified solution and dataset for cephalometric landmark detection across age groups. Our code and dataset will be made public on https://github.com/ShanghaiTech-IMPACT/Cephalometric-Landmark-Detection-across-Ages-with-Prototypical-Network

Scale-aware competition network for palmprint recognition

Palmprint biometrics garner heightened attention in palm-scanning payment and social security due to their distinctive attributes. However, prevailing methodologies singularly prioritize texture orientation, neglecting the significant texture scale dimension. We design an innovative network for concurrently extracting intra-scale and inter-scale features to redress this limitation. This paper proposes a scale-aware competitive network (SAC-Net), which includes the Inner-Scale Competition Module (ISCM) and the Across-Scale Competition Module (ASCM) to capture texture characteristics related to orientation and scale. ISCM efficiently integrates learnable Gabor filters and a self-attention mechanism to extract rich orientation data and discern textures with long-range discriminative properties. Subsequently, ASCM leverages a competitive strategy across various scales to effectively encapsulate the competitive texture scale elements. By synergizing ISCM and ASCM, our method adeptly characterizes palmprint features. Rigorous experimentation across three benchmark datasets unequivocally demonstrates our proposed approach's exceptional recognition performance and resilience relative to state-of-the-art alternatives.

SA-Med2D-20M Dataset: Segment Anything in 2D Medical Imaging with 20 Million masks

Segment Anything Model (SAM) has achieved impressive results for natural image segmentation with input prompts such as points and bounding boxes. Its success largely owes to massive labeled training data. However, directly applying SAM to medical image segmentation cannot perform well because SAM lacks medical knowledge -- it does not use medical images for training. To incorporate medical knowledge into SAM, we introduce SA-Med2D-20M, a large-scale segmentation dataset of 2D medical images built upon numerous public and private datasets. It consists of 4.6 million 2D medical images and 19.7 million corresponding masks, covering almost the whole body and showing significant diversity. This paper describes all the datasets collected in SA-Med2D-20M and details how to process these datasets. Furthermore, comprehensive statistics of SA-Med2D-20M are presented to facilitate the better use of our dataset, which can help the researchers build medical vision foundation models or apply their models to downstream medical applications. We hope that the large scale and diversity of SA-Med2D-20M can be leveraged to develop medical artificial intelligence for enhancing diagnosis, medical image analysis, knowledge sharing, and education. The data with the redistribution license is publicly available at https://github.com/OpenGVLab/SAM-Med2D.

SAM-Med2D

The Segment Anything Model (SAM) represents a state-of-the-art research advancement in natural image segmentation, achieving impressive results with input prompts such as points and bounding boxes. However, our evaluation and recent research indicate that directly applying the pretrained SAM to medical image segmentation does not yield satisfactory performance. This limitation primarily arises from significant domain gap between natural images and medical images. To bridge this gap, we introduce SAM-Med2D, the most comprehensive studies on applying SAM to medical 2D images. Specifically, we first collect and curate approximately 4.6M images and 19.7M masks from public and private datasets, constructing a large-scale medical image segmentation dataset encompassing various modalities and objects. Then, we comprehensively fine-tune SAM on this dataset and turn it into SAM-Med2D. Unlike previous methods that only adopt bounding box or point prompts as interactive segmentation approach, we adapt SAM to medical image segmentation through more comprehensive prompts involving bounding boxes, points, and masks. We additionally fine-tune the encoder and decoder of the original SAM to obtain a well-performed SAM-Med2D, leading to the most comprehensive fine-tuning strategies to date. Finally, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation and analysis to investigate the performance of SAM-Med2D in medical image segmentation across various modalities, anatomical structures, and organs. Concurrently, we validated the generalization capability of SAM-Med2D on 9 datasets from MICCAI 2023 challenge. Overall, our approach demonstrated significantly superior performance and generalization capability compared to SAM.

VideoPro: A Visual Analytics Approach for Interactive Video Programming

Constructing supervised machine learning models for real-world video analysis require substantial labeled data, which is costly to acquire due to scarce domain expertise and laborious manual inspection. While data programming shows promise in generating labeled data at scale with user-defined labeling functions, the high dimensional and complex temporal information in videos poses additional challenges for effectively composing and evaluating labeling functions. In this paper, we propose VideoPro, a visual analytics approach to support flexible and scalable video data programming for model steering with reduced human effort. We first extract human-understandable events from videos using computer vision techniques and treat them as atomic components of labeling functions. We further propose a two-stage template mining algorithm that characterizes the sequential patterns of these events to serve as labeling function templates for efficient data labeling. The visual interface of VideoPro facilitates multifaceted exploration, examination, and application of the labeling templates, allowing for effective programming of video data at scale. Moreover, users can monitor the impact of programming on model performance and make informed adjustments during the iterative programming process. We demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach with two case studies and expert interviews.

SegNetr: Rethinking the local-global interactions and skip connections in U-shaped networks

Recently, U-shaped networks have dominated the field of medical image segmentation due to their simple and easily tuned structure. However, existing U-shaped segmentation networks: 1) mostly focus on designing complex self-attention modules to compensate for the lack of long-term dependence based on convolution operation, which increases the overall number of parameters and computational complexity of the network; 2) simply fuse the features of encoder and decoder, ignoring the connection between their spatial locations. In this paper, we rethink the above problem and build a lightweight medical image segmentation network, called SegNetr. Specifically, we introduce a novel SegNetr block that can perform local-global interactions dynamically at any stage and with only linear complexity. At the same time, we design a general information retention skip connection (IRSC) to preserve the spatial location information of encoder features and achieve accurate fusion with the decoder features. We validate the effectiveness of SegNetr on four mainstream medical image segmentation datasets, with 59\% and 76\% fewer parameters and GFLOPs than vanilla U-Net, while achieving segmentation performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods. Notably, the components proposed in this paper can be applied to other U-shaped networks to improve their segmentation performance.

Accurate 3D Prediction of Missing Teeth in Diverse Patterns for Precise Dental Implant Planning

In recent years, the demand for dental implants has surged, driven by their high success rates and esthetic advantages. However, accurate prediction of missing teeth for precise digital implant planning remains a challenge due to the intricate nature of dental structures and the variability in tooth loss patterns. This study presents a novel framework for accurate prediction of missing teeth in different patterns, facilitating digital implant planning. The proposed framework begins by estimating point-to-point correspondence among a dataset of dental mesh models reconstructed from CBCT images of healthy subjects. Subsequently, tooth dictionaries are constructed for each tooth type, encoding their position and shape information based on the established point-to-point correspondence. To predict missing teeth in a given dental mesh model, sparse coefficients are learned by sparsely representing adjacent teeth of the missing teeth using the corresponding tooth dictionaries. These coefficients are then applied to the dictionaries of the missing teeth to generate accurate predictions of their positions and shapes. The evaluation results on real subjects shows that our proposed framework achieves an average prediction error of 1.04mm for predictions of single missing tooth and an average prediction error of 1.33mm for the prediction of 14 missing teeth, which demonstrates its capability of accurately predicting missing teeth in various patterns. By accurately predicting missing teeth, dental professionals can improve the planning and placement of dental implants, leading to better esthetic and functional outcomes for patients undergoing dental implant procedures.

$\mathbf{\mathbb{E}^{FWI}}$: Multi-parameter Benchmark Datasets for Elastic Full Waveform Inversion of Geophysical Properties

Elastic geophysical properties (such as P- and S-wave velocities) are of great importance to various subsurface applications like CO$_2$ sequestration and energy exploration (e.g., hydrogen and geothermal). Elastic full waveform inversion (FWI) is widely applied for characterizing reservoir properties. In this paper, we introduce $\mathbf{\mathbb{E}^{FWI}}$, a comprehensive benchmark dataset that is specifically designed for elastic FWI. $\mathbf{\mathbb{E}^{FWI}}$ encompasses 8 distinct datasets that cover diverse subsurface geologic structures (flat, curve, faults, etc). The benchmark results produced by three different deep learning methods are provided. In contrast to our previously presented dataset (pressure recordings) for acoustic FWI (referred to as OpenFWI), the seismic dataset in $\mathbf{\mathbb{E}^{FWI}}$ has both vertical and horizontal components. Moreover, the velocity maps in $\mathbf{\mathbb{E}^{FWI}}$ incorporate both P- and S-wave velocities. While the multicomponent data and the added S-wave velocity make the data more realistic, more challenges are introduced regarding the convergence and computational cost of the inversion. We conduct comprehensive numerical experiments to explore the relationship between P-wave and S-wave velocities in seismic data. The relation between P- and S-wave velocities provides crucial insights into the subsurface properties such as lithology, porosity, fluid content, etc. We anticipate that $\mathbf{\mathbb{E}^{FWI}}$ will facilitate future research on multiparameter inversions and stimulate endeavors in several critical research topics of carbon-zero and new energy exploration. All datasets, codes and relevant information can be accessed through our website at https://efwi-lanl.github.io/