Ga$_2$O$_3$ TCAD Mobility Parameter Calibration using Simulation Augmented Machine Learning with Physics Informed Neural Network

In this paper, we demonstrate the possibility of performing automatic Technology Computer-Aided-Design (TCAD) parameter calibration using machine learning, verified with experimental data. The machine only needs to be trained by TCAD data. Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) fabricated with emerging ultra-wide-bandgap material, Gallium Oxide (Ga$_2$O$_3$), is measured and its current-voltage (IV) is used for Ga$_2$O$_3$ Philips Unified Mobility (PhuMob) model parameters, effective anode workfunction, and ambient temperature extraction (7 parameters). A machine comprised of an autoencoder (AE) and a neural network (NN) (AE-NN) is used. Ga$_2$O$_3$ PhuMob parameters are extracted from the noisy experimental curves. TCAD simulation with the extracted parameters shows that the quality of the parameters is as good as an expert's calibration at the pre-turned-on regime but not in the on-state regime. By using a simple physics-informed neural network (PINN) (AE-PINN), the machine performs as well as the human expert in all regimes.

D4orm: Multi-Robot Trajectories with Dynamics-aware Diffusion Denoised Deformations

This work presents an optimization method for generating kinodynamically feasible and collision-free multi-robot trajectories that exploits an incremental denoising scheme in diffusion models. Our key insight is that high-quality trajectories can be discovered merely by denoising noisy trajectories sampled from a distribution. This approach has no learning component, relying instead on only two ingredients: a dynamical model of the robots to obtain feasible trajectories via rollout, and a score function to guide denoising with Monte Carlo gradient approximation. The proposed framework iteratively optimizes the deformation from the previous round with this denoising process, allows \textit{anytime} refinement as time permits, supports different dynamics, and benefits from GPU acceleration. Our evaluations for differential-drive and holonomic teams with up to 16 robots in 2D and 3D worlds show its ability to discover high-quality solutions faster than other black-box optimization methods such as MPPI, approximately three times faster in a 3D holonomic case with 16 robots. As evidence for feasibility, we demonstrate zero-shot deployment of the planned trajectories on eight multirotors.

Efficient Reachability Analysis for Convolutional Neural Networks Using Hybrid Zonotopes

Feedforward neural networks are widely used in autonomous systems, particularly for control and perception tasks within the system loop. However, their vulnerability to adversarial attacks necessitates formal verification before deployment in safety-critical applications. Existing set propagation-based reachability analysis methods for feedforward neural networks often struggle to achieve both scalability and accuracy. This work presents a novel set-based approach for computing the reachable sets of convolutional neural networks. The proposed method leverages a hybrid zonotope representation and an efficient neural network reduction technique, providing a flexible trade-off between computational complexity and approximation accuracy. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

SafeVLA: Towards Safety Alignment of Vision-Language-Action Model via Safe Reinforcement Learning

Vision-language-action models (VLAs) have shown great potential as generalist robot policies. However, these models pose urgent safety challenges during deployment, including the risk of physical harm to the environment, the robot itself, and humans. How can safety be explicitly incorporated into VLAs? In this work, we propose SafeVLA, a novel algorithm designed to integrate safety into VLAs, ensuring the protection of the environment, robot hardware and humans in real-world settings. SafeVLA effectively balances safety and task performance by employing large-scale constrained learning within simulated environments. We demonstrate that SafeVLA outperforms the current state-of-the-art method in both safety and task performance, achieving average improvements of 83.58% and 3.85%, respectively, in simulation. By prioritizing safety, our approach eliminates high-risk behaviors and reduces the upper bound of unsafe behaviors to 1/35 of that in the current state-of-the-art, thereby significantly mitigating long-tail risks. Furthermore, the learned safety constraints generalize to diverse, unseen scenarios, including multiple out-of-distribution perturbations and tasks. Our data, models and newly proposed benchmark environment are available at https://sites.google.com/view/pku-safevla.

Enhancing Speech Large Language Models with Prompt-Aware Mixture of Audio Encoders

Connecting audio encoders with large language models (LLMs) allows the LLM to perform various audio understanding tasks, such as automatic speech recognition (ASR) and audio captioning (AC). Most research focuses on training an adapter layer to generate a unified audio feature for the LLM. However, different tasks may require distinct features that emphasize either semantic or acoustic aspects, making task-specific audio features more desirable. In this paper, we propose Prompt-aware Mixture (PaM) to enhance the Speech LLM that uses multiple audio encoders. Our approach involves using different experts to extract different features based on the prompt that indicates different tasks. Experiments demonstrate that with PaM, only one Speech LLM surpasses the best performances achieved by all single-encoder Speech LLMs on ASR, Speaker Number Verification, and AC tasks. PaM also outperforms other feature fusion baselines, such as concatenation and averaging.

Soundwave: Less is More for Speech-Text Alignment in LLMs

Existing end-to-end speech large language models (LLMs) usually rely on large-scale annotated data for training, while data-efficient training has not been discussed in depth. We focus on two fundamental problems between speech and text: the representation space gap and sequence length inconsistency. We propose Soundwave, which utilizes an efficient training strategy and a novel architecture to address these issues. Results show that Soundwave outperforms the advanced Qwen2-Audio in speech translation and AIR-Bench speech tasks, using only one-fiftieth of the training data. Further analysis shows that Soundwave still retains its intelligence during conversation. The project is available at https://github.com/FreedomIntelligence/Soundwave.

Optimizing Speech Multi-View Feature Fusion through Conditional Computation

Recent advancements have highlighted the efficacy of self-supervised learning (SSL) features in various speech-related tasks, providing lightweight and versatile multi-view speech representations. However, our study reveals that while SSL features expedite model convergence, they conflict with traditional spectral features like FBanks in terms of update directions. In response, we propose a novel generalized feature fusion framework grounded in conditional computation, featuring a gradient-sensitive gating network and a multi-stage dropout strategy. This framework mitigates feature conflicts and bolsters model robustness to multi-view input features. By integrating SSL and spectral features, our approach accelerates convergence and maintains performance on par with spectral models across multiple speech translation tasks on the MUSTC dataset.

Roadmap towards Superhuman Speech Understanding using Large Language Models

The success of large language models (LLMs) has prompted efforts to integrate speech and audio data, aiming to create general foundation models capable of processing both textual and non-textual inputs. Recent advances, such as GPT-4o, highlight the potential for end-to-end speech LLMs, which preserves non-semantic information and world knowledge for deeper speech understanding. To guide the development of speech LLMs, we propose a five-level roadmap, ranging from basic automatic speech recognition (ASR) to advanced superhuman models capable of integrating non-semantic information with abstract acoustic knowledge for complex tasks. Moreover, we design a benchmark, SAGI Bechmark, that standardizes critical aspects across various tasks in these five levels, uncovering challenges in using abstract acoustic knowledge and completeness of capability. Our findings reveal gaps in handling paralinguistic cues and abstract acoustic knowledge, and we offer future directions. This paper outlines a roadmap for advancing speech LLMs, introduces a benchmark for evaluation, and provides key insights into their current limitations and potential.

A Framework for Reproducible Benchmarking and Performance Diagnosis of SLAM Systems

We propose SLAMFuse, an open-source SLAM benchmarking framework that provides consistent crossplatform environments for evaluating multi-modal SLAM algorithms, along with tools for data fuzzing, failure detection, and diagnosis across different datasets. Our framework introduces a fuzzing mechanism to test the resilience of SLAM algorithms against dataset perturbations. This enables the assessment of pose estimation accuracy under varying conditions and identifies critical perturbation thresholds. SLAMFuse improves diagnostics with failure detection and analysis tools, examining algorithm behaviour against dataset characteristics. SLAMFuse uses Docker to ensure reproducible testing conditions across diverse datasets and systems by streamlining dependency management. Emphasizing the importance of reproducibility and introducing advanced tools for algorithm evaluation and performance diagnosis, our work sets a new precedent for reliable benchmarking of SLAM systems. We provide ready-to-use docker compatible versions of the algorithms and datasets used in the experiments, together with guidelines for integrating and benchmarking new algorithms. Code is available at https://github.com/nikolaradulov/slamfuse

Promptriever: Instruction-Trained Retrievers Can Be Prompted Like Language Models

Instruction-tuned language models (LM) are able to respond to imperative commands, providing a more natural user interface compared to their base counterparts. In this work, we present Promptriever, the first retrieval model able to be prompted like an LM. To train Promptriever, we curate and release a new instance-level instruction training set from MS MARCO, spanning nearly 500k instances. Promptriever not only achieves strong performance on standard retrieval tasks, but also follows instructions. We observe: (1) large gains (reaching SoTA) on following detailed relevance instructions (+14.3 p-MRR / +3.1 nDCG on FollowIR), (2) significantly increased robustness to lexical choices/phrasing in the query+instruction (+12.9 Robustness@10 on InstructIR), and (3) the ability to perform hyperparameter search via prompting to reliably improve retrieval performance (+1.4 average increase on BEIR). Promptriever demonstrates that retrieval models can be controlled with prompts on a per-query basis, setting the stage for future work aligning LM prompting techniques with information retrieval.