Enhancing Fairness through Reweighting: A Path to Attain the Sufficiency Rule

We introduce an innovative approach to enhancing the empirical risk minimization (ERM) process in model training through a refined reweighting scheme of the training data to enhance fairness. This scheme aims to uphold the sufficiency rule in fairness by ensuring that optimal predictors maintain consistency across diverse sub-groups. We employ a bilevel formulation to address this challenge, wherein we explore sample reweighting strategies. Unlike conventional methods that hinge on model size, our formulation bases generalization complexity on the space of sample weights. We discretize the weights to improve training speed. Empirical validation of our method showcases its effectiveness and robustness, revealing a consistent improvement in the balance between prediction performance and fairness metrics across various experiments.

Sunnie: An Anthropomorphic LLM-Based Conversational Agent for Mental Well-Being Activity Recommendation

A longstanding challenge in mental well-being support is the reluctance of people to adopt psychologically beneficial activities, often due to a lack of motivation, low perceived trustworthiness, and limited personalization of recommendations. Chatbots have shown promise in promoting positive mental health practices, yet their rigid interaction flows and less human-like conversational experiences present significant limitations. In this work, we explore whether the anthropomorphic design (both LLM's persona design and conversational experience design) can enhance users' perception of the system and their willingness to adopt mental well-being activity recommendations. To this end, we introduce Sunnie, an anthropomorphic LLM-based conversational agent designed to offer personalized guidance for mental well-being support through multi-turn conversation and activity recommendations based on positive psychological theory. An empirical user study comparing the user experience with Sunnie and with a traditional survey-based activity recommendation system suggests that the anthropomorphic characteristics of Sunnie significantly enhance users' perception of the system and the overall usability; nevertheless, users' willingness to adopt activity recommendations did not change significantly.

Discovering Galaxy Features via Dataset Distillation

In many applications, Neural Nets (NNs) have classification performance on par or even exceeding human capacity. Moreover, it is likely that NNs leverage underlying features that might differ from those humans perceive to classify. Can we "reverse-engineer" pertinent features to enhance our scientific understanding? Here, we apply this idea to the notoriously difficult task of galaxy classification: NNs have reached high performance for this task, but what does a neural net (NN) "see" when it classifies galaxies? Are there morphological features that the human eye might overlook that could help with the task and provide new insights? Can we visualize tracers of early evolution, or additionally incorporated spectral data? We present a novel way to summarize and visualize galaxy morphology through the lens of neural networks, leveraging Dataset Distillation, a recent deep-learning methodology with the primary objective to distill knowledge from a large dataset and condense it into a compact synthetic dataset, such that a model trained on this synthetic dataset achieves performance comparable to a model trained on the full dataset. We curate a class-balanced, medium-size high-confidence version of the Galaxy Zoo 2 dataset, and proceed with dataset distillation from our accurate NN-classifier to create synthesized prototypical images of galaxy morphological features, demonstrating its effectiveness. Of independent interest, we introduce a self-adaptive version of the state-of-the-art Matching Trajectory algorithm to automate the distillation process, and show enhanced performance on computer vision benchmarks.

Counterfactual Explanation for Regression via Disentanglement in Latent Space

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) help address the question: How can the factors that influence the prediction of a predictive model be changed to achieve a more favorable outcome from a user's perspective? Thus, they bear the potential to guide the user's interaction with AI systems since they represent easy-to-understand explanations. To be applicable, CEs need to be realistic and actionable. In the literature, various methods have been proposed to generate CEs. However, the majority of research on CEs focuses on classification problems where questions like "What should I do to get my rejected loan approved?" are raised. In practice, answering questions like "What should I do to increase my salary?" are of a more regressive nature. In this paper, we introduce a novel method to generate CEs for a pre-trained regressor by first disentangling the label-relevant from the label-irrelevant dimensions in the latent space. CEs are then generated by combining the label-irrelevant dimensions and the predefined output. The intuition behind this approach is that the ideal counterfactual search should focus on the label-irrelevant characteristics of the input and suggest changes toward target-relevant characteristics. Searching in the latent space could help achieve this goal. We show that our method maintains the characteristics of the query sample during the counterfactual search. In various experiments, we demonstrate that the proposed method is competitive based on different quality measures on image and tabular datasets in regression problem settings. It efficiently returns results closer to the original data manifold compared to three state-of-the-art methods, which is essential for realistic high-dimensional machine learning applications. Our code will be made available as an open-source package upon the publication of this work.

Adversarial Reweighting Guided by Wasserstein Distance for Bias Mitigation

The unequal representation of different groups in a sample population can lead to discrimination of minority groups when machine learning models make automated decisions. To address these issues, fairness-aware machine learning jointly optimizes two (or more) metrics aiming at predictive effectiveness and low unfairness. However, the inherent under-representation of minorities in the data makes the disparate treatment of subpopulations less noticeable and difficult to deal with during learning. In this paper, we propose a novel adversarial reweighting method to address such \emph{representation bias}. To balance the data distribution between the majority and the minority groups, our approach deemphasizes samples from the majority group. To minimize empirical risk, our method prefers samples from the majority group that are close to the minority group as evaluated by the Wasserstein distance. Our theoretical analysis shows the effectiveness of our adversarial reweighting approach. Experiments demonstrate that our approach mitigates bias without sacrificing classification accuracy, outperforming related state-of-the-art methods on image and tabular benchmark datasets.

Causal Fairness-Guided Dataset Reweighting using Neural Networks

The importance of achieving fairness in machine learning models cannot be overstated. Recent research has pointed out that fairness should be examined from a causal perspective, and several fairness notions based on the on Pearl's causal framework have been proposed. In this paper, we construct a reweighting scheme of datasets to address causal fairness. Our approach aims at mitigating bias by considering the causal relationships among variables and incorporating them into the reweighting process. The proposed method adopts two neural networks, whose structures are intentionally used to reflect the structures of a causal graph and of an interventional graph. The two neural networks can approximate the causal model of the data, and the causal model of interventions. Furthermore, reweighting guided by a discriminator is applied to achieve various fairness notions. Experiments on real-world datasets show that our method can achieve causal fairness on the data while remaining close to the original data for downstream tasks.

Counterfactual Explanation via Search in Gaussian Mixture Distributed Latent Space

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) are an important tool in Algorithmic Recourse for addressing two questions: 1. What are the crucial factors that led to an automated prediction/decision? 2. How can these factors be changed to achieve a more favorable outcome from a user's perspective? Thus, guiding the user's interaction with AI systems by proposing easy-to-understand explanations and easy-to-attain feasible changes is essential for the trustworthy adoption and long-term acceptance of AI systems. In the literature, various methods have been proposed to generate CEs, and different quality measures have been suggested to evaluate these methods. However, the generation of CEs is usually computationally expensive, and the resulting suggestions are unrealistic and thus non-actionable. In this paper, we introduce a new method to generate CEs for a pre-trained binary classifier by first shaping the latent space of an autoencoder to be a mixture of Gaussian distributions. CEs are then generated in latent space by linear interpolation between the query sample and the centroid of the target class. We show that our method maintains the characteristics of the input sample during the counterfactual search. In various experiments, we show that the proposed method is competitive based on different quality measures on image and tabular datasets -- efficiently returns results that are closer to the original data manifold compared to three state-of-the-art methods, which are essential for realistic high-dimensional machine learning applications.

High-Fidelity Image Synthesis from Pulmonary Nodule Lesion Maps using Semantic Diffusion Model

Lung cancer has been one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide for years. With the emergence of deep learning, computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) models based on learning algorithms can accelerate the nodule screening process, providing valuable assistance to radiologists in their daily clinical workflows. However, developing such robust and accurate models often requires large-scale and diverse medical datasets with high-quality annotations. Generating synthetic data provides a pathway for augmenting datasets at a larger scale. Therefore, in this paper, we explore the use of Semantic Diffusion Mod- els (SDM) to generate high-fidelity pulmonary CT images from segmentation maps. We utilize annotation information from the LUNA16 dataset to create paired CT images and masks, and assess the quality of the generated images using the Frechet Inception Distance (FID), as well as on two common clinical downstream tasks: nodule detection and nodule localization. Achieving improvements of 3.96% for detection accuracy and 8.50% for AP50 in nodule localization task, respectively, demonstrates the feasibility of the approach.

Invariant Content Synergistic Learning for Domain Generalization of Medical Image Segmentation

While achieving remarkable success for medical image segmentation, deep convolution neural networks (DCNNs) often fail to maintain their robustness when confronting test data with the novel distribution. To address such a drawback, the inductive bias of DCNNs is recently well-recognized. Specifically, DCNNs exhibit an inductive bias towards image style (e.g., superficial texture) rather than invariant content (e.g., object shapes). In this paper, we propose a method, named Invariant Content Synergistic Learning (ICSL), to improve the generalization ability of DCNNs on unseen datasets by controlling the inductive bias. First, ICSL mixes the style of training instances to perturb the training distribution. That is to say, more diverse domains or styles would be made available for training DCNNs. Based on the perturbed distribution, we carefully design a dual-branches invariant content synergistic learning strategy to prevent style-biased predictions and focus more on the invariant content. Extensive experimental results on two typical medical image segmentation tasks show that our approach performs better than state-of-the-art domain generalization methods.

Homogeneous Low-Resolution Face Recognition Method based Correlation Features

Face recognition technology has been widely adopted in many mission-critical scenarios like means of human identification, controlled admission, and mobile device access, etc. Security surveillance is a typical scenario of face recognition technology. Because the low-resolution feature of surveillance video and images makes it difficult for high-resolution face recognition algorithms to extract effective feature information, Algorithms applied to high-resolution face recognition are difficult to migrate directly to low-resolution situations. As face recognition in security surveillance becomes more important in the era of dense urbanization, it is essential to develop algorithms that are able to provide satisfactory performance in processing the video frames generated by low-resolution surveillance cameras. This paper study on the Correlation Features-based Face Recognition (CoFFaR) method which using for homogeneous low-resolution surveillance videos, the theory, experimental details, and experimental results are elaborated in detail. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the correlation features method that improves the accuracy of homogeneous face recognition in surveillance security scenarios.