Solving Partial Differential Equations in Different Domains by Operator Learning method Based on Boundary Integral Equations

This article explores operator learning models that can deduce solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs) on arbitrary domains without requiring retraining. We introduce two innovative models rooted in boundary integral equations (BIEs): the Boundary Integral Type Deep Operator Network (BI-DeepONet) and the Boundary Integral Trigonometric Deep Operator Neural Network (BI-TDONet), which are crafted to address PDEs across diverse domains. Once fully trained, these BIE-based models adeptly predict the solutions of PDEs in any domain without the need for additional training. BI-TDONet notably enhances its performance by employing the singular value decomposition (SVD) of bounded linear operators, allowing for the efficient distribution of input functions across its modules. Furthermore, to tackle the issue of function sampling values that do not effectively capture oscillatory and impulse signal characteristics, trigonometric coefficients are utilized as both inputs and outputs in BI-TDONet. Our numerical experiments robustly support and confirm the efficacy of this theoretical framework.

Galaxy: A Resource-Efficient Collaborative Edge AI System for In-situ Transformer Inference

Transformer-based models have unlocked a plethora of powerful intelligent applications at the edge, such as voice assistant in smart home. Traditional deployment approaches offload the inference workloads to the remote cloud server, which would induce substantial pressure on the backbone network as well as raise users' privacy concerns. To address that, in-situ inference has been recently recognized for edge intelligence, but it still confronts significant challenges stemming from the conflict between intensive workloads and limited on-device computing resources. In this paper, we leverage our observation that many edge environments usually comprise a rich set of accompanying trusted edge devices with idle resources and propose Galaxy, a collaborative edge AI system that breaks the resource walls across heterogeneous edge devices for efficient Transformer inference acceleration. Galaxy introduces a novel hybrid model parallelism to orchestrate collaborative inference, along with a heterogeneity-aware parallelism planning for fully exploiting the resource potential. Furthermore, Galaxy devises a tile-based fine-grained overlapping of communication and computation to mitigate the impact of tensor synchronizations on inference latency under bandwidth-constrained edge environments. Extensive evaluation based on prototype implementation demonstrates that Galaxy remarkably outperforms state-of-the-art approaches under various edge environment setups, achieving up to 2.5x end-to-end latency reduction.

Exploring Low-Resource Medical Image Classification with Weakly Supervised Prompt Learning

Most advances in medical image recognition supporting clinical auxiliary diagnosis meet challenges due to the low-resource situation in the medical field, where annotations are highly expensive and professional. This low-resource problem can be alleviated by leveraging the transferable representations of large-scale pre-trained vision-language models via relevant medical text prompts. However, existing pre-trained vision-language models require domain experts to carefully design the medical prompts, which greatly increases the burden on clinicians. To address this problem, we propose a weakly supervised prompt learning method MedPrompt to automatically generate medical prompts, which includes an unsupervised pre-trained vision-language model and a weakly supervised prompt learning model. The unsupervised pre-trained vision-language model utilizes the natural correlation between medical images and corresponding medical texts for pre-training, without any manual annotations. The weakly supervised prompt learning model only utilizes the classes of images in the dataset to guide the learning of the specific class vector in the prompt, while the learning of other context vectors in the prompt requires no manual annotations for guidance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first model to automatically generate medical prompts. With these prompts, the pre-trained vision-language model can be freed from the strong expert dependency of manual annotation and manual prompt design. Experimental results show that the model using our automatically generated prompts outperforms its full-shot learning hand-crafted prompts counterparts with only a minimal number of labeled samples for few-shot learning, and reaches superior or comparable accuracy on zero-shot image classification. The proposed prompt generator is lightweight and therefore can be embedded into any network architecture.

Intensive Vision-guided Network for Radiology Report Generation

Automatic radiology report generation is booming due to its huge application potential for the healthcare industry. However, existing computer vision and natural language processing approaches to tackle this problem are limited in two aspects. First, when extracting image features, most of them neglect multi-view reasoning in vision and model single-view structure of medical images, such as space-view or channel-view. However, clinicians rely on multi-view imaging information for comprehensive judgment in daily clinical diagnosis. Second, when generating reports, they overlook context reasoning with multi-modal information and focus on pure textual optimization utilizing retrieval-based methods. We aim to address these two issues by proposing a model that better simulates clinicians' perspectives and generates more accurate reports. Given the above limitation in feature extraction, we propose a Globally-intensive Attention (GIA) module in the medical image encoder to simulate and integrate multi-view vision perception. GIA aims to learn three types of vision perception: depth view, space view, and pixel view. On the other hand, to address the above problem in report generation, we explore how to involve multi-modal signals to generate precisely matched reports, i.e., how to integrate previously predicted words with region-aware visual content in next word prediction. Specifically, we design a Visual Knowledge-guided Decoder (VKGD), which can adaptively consider how much the model needs to rely on visual information and previously predicted text to assist next word prediction. Hence, our final Intensive Vision-guided Network (IVGN) framework includes a GIA-guided Visual Encoder and the VKGD. Experiments on two commonly-used datasets IU X-Ray and MIMIC-CXR demonstrate the superior ability of our method compared with other state-of-the-art approaches.

Sparkles: Unlocking Chats Across Multiple Images for Multimodal Instruction-Following Models

Large language models exhibit enhanced zero-shot performance on various tasks when fine-tuned with instruction-following data. Multimodal instruction-following models extend these capabilities by integrating both text and images. However, existing models such as MiniGPT-4 face challenges in maintaining dialogue coherence in scenarios involving multiple images. A primary reason is the lack of a specialized dataset for this critical application. To bridge these gaps, we present SparklesChat, a multimodal instruction-following model for open-ended dialogues across multiple images. To support the training, we introduce SparklesDialogue, the first machine-generated dialogue dataset tailored for word-level interleaved multi-image and text interactions. Furthermore, we construct SparklesEval, a GPT-assisted benchmark for quantitatively assessing a model's conversational competence across multiple images and dialogue turns. Our experiments validate the effectiveness of SparklesChat in understanding and reasoning across multiple images and dialogue turns. Specifically, SparklesChat outperformed MiniGPT-4 on established vision-and-language benchmarks, including the BISON binary image selection task and the NLVR2 visual reasoning task. Moreover, SparklesChat scored 8.56 out of 10 on SparklesEval, substantially exceeding MiniGPT-4's score of 3.91 and nearing GPT-4's score of 9.26. Qualitative evaluations further demonstrate SparklesChat's generality in handling real-world applications. All resources will be available at https://github.com/HYPJUDY/Sparkles.

PSLT: A Light-weight Vision Transformer with Ladder Self-Attention and Progressive Shift

Vision Transformer (ViT) has shown great potential for various visual tasks due to its ability to model long-range dependency. However, ViT requires a large amount of computing resource to compute the global self-attention. In this work, we propose a ladder self-attention block with multiple branches and a progressive shift mechanism to develop a light-weight transformer backbone that requires less computing resources (e.g. a relatively small number of parameters and FLOPs), termed Progressive Shift Ladder Transformer (PSLT). First, the ladder self-attention block reduces the computational cost by modelling local self-attention in each branch. In the meanwhile, the progressive shift mechanism is proposed to enlarge the receptive field in the ladder self-attention block by modelling diverse local self-attention for each branch and interacting among these branches. Second, the input feature of the ladder self-attention block is split equally along the channel dimension for each branch, which considerably reduces the computational cost in the ladder self-attention block (with nearly 1/3 the amount of parameters and FLOPs), and the outputs of these branches are then collaborated by a pixel-adaptive fusion. Therefore, the ladder self-attention block with a relatively small number of parameters and FLOPs is capable of modelling long-range interactions. Based on the ladder self-attention block, PSLT performs well on several vision tasks, including image classification, objection detection and person re-identification. On the ImageNet-1k dataset, PSLT achieves a top-1 accuracy of 79.9% with 9.2M parameters and 1.9G FLOPs, which is comparable to several existing models with more than 20M parameters and 4G FLOPs. Code is available at https://isee-ai.cn/wugaojie/PSLT.html.

SAIH: A Scalable Evaluation Methodology for Understanding AI Performance Trend on HPC Systems

Novel artificial intelligence (AI) technology has expedited various scientific research, e.g., cosmology, physics and bioinformatics, inevitably becoming a significant category of workload on high performance computing (HPC) systems. Existing AI benchmarks tend to customize well-recognized AI applications, so as to evaluate the AI performance of HPC systems under predefined problem size, in terms of datasets and AI models. Due to lack of scalability on the problem size, static AI benchmarks might be under competent to help understand the performance trend of evolving AI applications on HPC systems, in particular, the scientific AI applications on large-scale systems. In this paper, we propose a scalable evaluation methodology (SAIH) for analyzing the AI performance trend of HPC systems with scaling the problem sizes of customized AI applications. To enable scalability, SAIH builds a set of novel mechanisms for augmenting problem sizes. As the data and model constantly scale, we can investigate the trend and range of AI performance on HPC systems, and further diagnose system bottlenecks. To verify our methodology, we augment a cosmological AI application to evaluate a real HPC system equipped with GPUs as a case study of SAIH.

EnergonAI: An Inference System for 10-100 Billion Parameter Transformer Models

Large transformer models display promising performance on a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Although the AI community has expanded the model scale to the trillion parameter level, the practical deployment of 10-100 billion parameter models is still uncertain due to the latency, throughput, and memory constraints. In this paper, we proposed EnergonAI to solve the challenges of the efficient deployment of 10-100 billion parameter transformer models on single- or multi-GPU systems. EnergonAI adopts a hierarchy-controller system architecture to coordinate multiple devices and efficiently support different parallel patterns. It delegates the execution of sub-models to multiple workers in the single-controller style and applies tensor parallelism and pipeline parallelism among the workers in a multi-controller style. Upon the novel architecture, we propose three techniques, i.e. non-blocking pipeline parallelism, distributed redundant computation elimination, and peer memory pooling. EnergonAI enables the users to program complex parallel code the same as a serial one. Compared with the FasterTransformer, we have proven that EnergonAI has superior performance on latency and throughput. In our experiments, EnergonAI can achieve 37% latency reduction in tensor parallelism, 10% scalability improvement in pipeline parallelism, and it improves the model scale inferred on a single GPU by using a larger heterogeneous memory space at cost of limited performance reduction.

LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Masking

Self-supervised pre-training techniques have achieved remarkable progress in Document AI. Most multimodal pre-trained models use a masked language modeling objective to learn bidirectional representations on the text modality, but they differ in pre-training objectives for the image modality. This discrepancy adds difficulty to multimodal representation learning. In this paper, we propose LayoutLMv3 to pre-train multimodal Transformers for Document AI with unified text and image masking. Additionally, LayoutLMv3 is pre-trained with a word-patch alignment objective to learn cross-modal alignment by predicting whether the corresponding image patch of a text word is masked. The simple unified architecture and training objectives make LayoutLMv3 a general-purpose pre-trained model for both text-centric and image-centric Document AI tasks. Experimental results show that LayoutLMv3 achieves state-of-the-art performance not only in text-centric tasks, including form understanding, receipt understanding, and document visual question answering, but also in image-centric tasks such as document image classification and document layout analysis. The code and models are publicly available at https://aka.ms/layoutlmv3.

A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: A Unified System for Diverse Captions and Rich Images Generation

A creative image-and-text generative AI system mimics humans' extraordinary abilities to provide users with diverse and comprehensive caption suggestions, as well as rich image creations. In this work, we demonstrate such an AI creation system to produce both diverse captions and rich images. When users imagine an image and associate it with multiple captions, our system paints a rich image to reflect all captions faithfully. Likewise, when users upload an image, our system depicts it with multiple diverse captions. We propose a unified multi-modal framework to achieve this goal. Specifically, our framework jointly models image-and-text representations with a Transformer network, which supports rich image creation by accepting multiple captions as input. We consider the relations among input captions to encourage diversity in training and adopt a non-autoregressive decoding strategy to enable real-time inference. Based on these, our system supports both diverse captions and rich images generations. Our code is available online.