LLMs-as-Judges: A Comprehensive Survey on LLM-based Evaluation Methods

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven their expanding application across various fields. One of the most promising applications is their role as evaluators based on natural language responses, referred to as ''LLMs-as-judges''. This framework has attracted growing attention from both academia and industry due to their excellent effectiveness, ability to generalize across tasks, and interpretability in the form of natural language. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the LLMs-as-judges paradigm from five key perspectives: Functionality, Methodology, Applications, Meta-evaluation, and Limitations. We begin by providing a systematic definition of LLMs-as-Judges and introduce their functionality (Why use LLM judges?). Then we address methodology to construct an evaluation system with LLMs (How to use LLM judges?). Additionally, we investigate the potential domains for their application (Where to use LLM judges?) and discuss methods for evaluating them in various contexts (How to evaluate LLM judges?). Finally, we provide a detailed analysis of the limitations of LLM judges and discuss potential future directions. Through a structured and comprehensive analysis, we aim aims to provide insights on the development and application of LLMs-as-judges in both research and practice. We will continue to maintain the relevant resource list at https://github.com/CSHaitao/Awesome-LLMs-as-Judges.

SleepNetZero: Zero-Burden Zero-Shot Reliable Sleep Staging With Neural Networks Based on Ballistocardiograms

Sleep monitoring plays a crucial role in maintaining good health, with sleep staging serving as an essential metric in the monitoring process. Traditional methods, utilizing medical sensors like EEG and ECG, can be effective but often present challenges such as unnatural user experience, complex deployment, and high costs. Ballistocardiography~(BCG), a type of piezoelectric sensor signal, offers a non-invasive, user-friendly, and easily deployable alternative for long-term home monitoring. However, reliable BCG-based sleep staging is challenging due to the limited sleep monitoring data available for BCG. A restricted training dataset prevents the model from generalization across populations. Additionally, transferring to BCG faces difficulty ensuring model robustness when migrating from other data sources. To address these issues, we introduce SleepNetZero, a zero-shot learning based approach for sleep staging. To tackle the generalization challenge, we propose a series of BCG feature extraction methods that align BCG components with corresponding respiratory, cardiac, and movement channels in PSG. This allows models to be trained on large-scale PSG datasets that are diverse in population. For the migration challenge, we employ data augmentation techniques, significantly enhancing generalizability. We conducted extensive training and testing on large datasets~(12393 records from 9637 different subjects), achieving an accuracy of 0.803 and a Cohen's Kappa of 0.718. ZeroSleepNet was also deployed in real prototype~(monitoring pads) and tested in actual hospital settings~(265 users), demonstrating an accuracy of 0.697 and a Cohen's Kappa of 0.589. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first known reliable BCG-based sleep staging effort and marks a significant step towards in-home health monitoring.

EEG-ImageNet: An Electroencephalogram Dataset and Benchmarks with Image Visual Stimuli of Multi-Granularity Labels

Identifying and reconstructing what we see from brain activity gives us a special insight into investigating how the biological visual system represents the world. While recent efforts have achieved high-performance image classification and high-quality image reconstruction from brain signals collected by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) or magnetoencephalogram (MEG), the expensiveness and bulkiness of these devices make relevant applications difficult to generalize to practical applications. On the other hand, Electroencephalography (EEG), despite its advantages of ease of use, cost-efficiency, high temporal resolution, and non-invasive nature, has not been fully explored in relevant studies due to the lack of comprehensive datasets. To address this gap, we introduce EEG-ImageNet, a novel EEG dataset comprising recordings from 16 subjects exposed to 4000 images selected from the ImageNet dataset. EEG-ImageNet consists of 5 times EEG-image pairs larger than existing similar EEG benchmarks. EEG-ImageNet is collected with image stimuli of multi-granularity labels, i.e., 40 images with coarse-grained labels and 40 with fine-grained labels. Based on it, we establish benchmarks for object classification and image reconstruction. Experiments with several commonly used models show that the best models can achieve object classification with accuracy around 60% and image reconstruction with two-way identification around 64%. These results demonstrate the dataset's potential to advance EEG-based visual brain-computer interfaces, understand the visual perception of biological systems, and provide potential applications in improving machine visual models.

Language Reconstruction with Brain Predictive Coding from fMRI Data

Many recent studies have shown that the perception of speech can be decoded from brain signals and subsequently reconstructed as continuous language. However, there is a lack of neurological basis for how the semantic information embedded within brain signals can be used more effectively to guide language reconstruction. The theory of predictive coding suggests that human brain naturally engages in continuously predicting future word representations that span multiple timescales. This implies that the decoding of brain signals could potentially be associated with a predictable future. To explore the predictive coding theory within the context of language reconstruction, this paper proposes a novel model \textsc{PredFT} for jointly modeling neural decoding and brain prediction. It consists of a main decoding network for language reconstruction and a side network for predictive coding. The side network obtains brain predictive coding representation from related brain regions of interest with a multi-head self-attention module. This representation is fused into the main decoding network with cross-attention to facilitate the language models' generation process. Experiments are conducted on the largest naturalistic language comprehension fMRI dataset Narratives. \textsc{PredFT} achieves current state-of-the-art decoding performance with a maximum BLEU-1 score of $27.8\%$.

EEG-SVRec: An EEG Dataset with User Multidimensional Affective Engagement Labels in Short Video Recommendation

In recent years, short video platforms have gained widespread popularity, making the quality of video recommendations crucial for retaining users. Existing recommendation systems primarily rely on behavioral data, which faces limitations when inferring user preferences due to issues such as data sparsity and noise from accidental interactions or personal habits. To address these challenges and provide a more comprehensive understanding of user affective experience and cognitive activity, we propose EEG-SVRec, the first EEG dataset with User Multidimensional Affective Engagement Labels in Short Video Recommendation. The study involves 30 participants and collects 3,657 interactions, offering a rich dataset that can be used for a deeper exploration of user preference and cognitive activity. By incorporating selfassessment techniques and real-time, low-cost EEG signals, we offer a more detailed understanding user affective experiences (valence, arousal, immersion, interest, visual and auditory) and the cognitive mechanisms behind their behavior. We establish benchmarks for rating prediction by the recommendation algorithm, showing significant improvement with the inclusion of EEG signals. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of this dataset in gaining insights into the affective experience and cognitive activity behind user behaviors in recommender systems. This work presents a novel perspective for enhancing short video recommendation by leveraging the rich information contained in EEG signals and multidimensional affective engagement scores, paving the way for future research in short video recommendation systems.

Improving Legal Case Retrieval with Brain Signals

The tasks of legal case retrieval have received growing attention from the IR community in the last decade. Relevance feedback techniques with implicit user feedback (e.g., clicks) have been demonstrated to be effective in traditional search tasks (e.g., Web search). In legal case retrieval, however, collecting relevance feedback faces a couple of challenges that are difficult to resolve under existing feedback paradigms. First, legal case retrieval is a complex task as users often need to understand the relationship between legal cases in detail to correctly judge their relevance. Traditional feedback signal such as clicks is too coarse to use as they do not reflect any fine-grained relevance information. Second, legal case documents are usually long, users often need even tens of minutes to read and understand them. Simple behavior signal such as clicks and eye-tracking fixations can hardly be useful when users almost click and examine every part of the document. In this paper, we explore the possibility of solving the feedback problem in legal case retrieval with brain signal. Recent advances in brain signal processing have shown that human emotional can be collected in fine grains through Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI) without interrupting the users in their tasks. Therefore, we propose a framework for legal case retrieval that uses EEG signal to optimize retrieval results. We collected and create a legal case retrieval dataset with users EEG signal and propose several methods to extract effective EEG features for relevance feedback. Our proposed features achieve a 71% accuracy for feedback prediction with an SVM-RFE model, and our proposed ranking method that takes into account the diverse needs of users can significantly improve user satisfaction for legal case retrieval. Experiment results show that re-ranked result list make user more satisfied.

Query Augmentation by Decoding Semantics from Brain Signals

Query augmentation is a crucial technique for refining semantically imprecise queries. Traditionally, query augmentation relies on extracting information from initially retrieved, potentially relevant documents. If the quality of the initially retrieved documents is low, then the effectiveness of query augmentation would be limited as well. We propose Brain-Aug, which enhances a query by incorporating semantic information decoded from brain signals. BrainAug generates the continuation of the original query with a prompt constructed with brain signal information and a ranking-oriented inference approach. Experimental results on fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) datasets show that Brain-Aug produces semantically more accurate queries, leading to improved document ranking performance. Such improvement brought by brain signals is particularly notable for ambiguous queries.

Relevance Feedback with Brain Signals

The Relevance Feedback (RF) process relies on accurate and real-time relevance estimation of feedback documents to improve retrieval performance. Since collecting explicit relevance annotations imposes an extra burden on the user, extensive studies have explored using pseudo-relevance signals and implicit feedback signals as substitutes. However, such signals are indirect indicators of relevance and suffer from complex search scenarios where user interactions are absent or biased. Recently, the advances in portable and high-precision brain-computer interface (BCI) devices have shown the possibility to monitor user's brain activities during search process. Brain signals can directly reflect user's psychological responses to search results and thus it can act as additional and unbiased RF signals. To explore the effectiveness of brain signals in the context of RF, we propose a novel RF framework that combines BCI-based relevance feedback with pseudo-relevance signals and implicit signals to improve the performance of document re-ranking. The experimental results on the user study dataset show that incorporating brain signals leads to significant performance improvement in our RF framework. Besides, we observe that brain signals perform particularly well in several hard search scenarios, especially when implicit signals as feedback are missing or noisy. This reveals when and how to exploit brain signals in the context of RF.

Language Generation from Human Brain Activities

Generating human language through non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) has the potential to unlock many applications, such as serving disabled patients and improving communication. Currently, however, generating language via BCIs has been previously successful only within a classification setup for selecting pre-generated sentence continuation candidates with the most likely cortical semantic representation. Inspired by recent research that revealed associations between the brain and the large computational language models, we propose a generative language BCI that utilizes the capacity of a large language model (LLM) jointly with a semantic brain decoder to directly generate language from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) input. The proposed model can generate coherent language sequences aligned with the semantic content of visual or auditory language stimuli perceived, without prior knowledge of any pre-generated candidates. We compare the language generated from the presented model with a random control, pre-generated language selection approach, and a standard LLM, which generates common coherent text solely based on the next word likelihood according to statistical language training data. The proposed model is found to generate language that is more aligned with semantic stimulus in response to which brain input is sampled. Our findings demonstrate the potential and feasibility of employing BCIs in direct language generation.

GNN4EEG: A Benchmark and Toolkit for Electroencephalography Classification with Graph Neural Network

Electroencephalography(EEG) classification is a crucial task in neuroscience, neural engineering, and several commercial applications. Traditional EEG classification models, however, have often overlooked or inadequately leveraged the brain's topological information. Recognizing this shortfall, there has been a burgeoning interest in recent years in harnessing the potential of Graph Neural Networks (GNN) to exploit the topological information by modeling features selected from each EEG channel in a graph structure. To further facilitate research in this direction, we introduce GNN4EEG, a versatile and user-friendly toolkit for GNN-based modeling of EEG signals. GNN4EEG comprises three components: (i)A large benchmark constructed with four EEG classification tasks based on EEG data collected from 123 participants. (ii)Easy-to-use implementations on various state-of-the-art GNN-based EEG classification models, e.g., DGCNN, RGNN, etc. (iii)Implementations of comprehensive experimental settings and evaluation protocols, e.g., data splitting protocols, and cross-validation protocols. GNN4EEG is publicly released at https://github.com/Miracle-2001/GNN4EEG.