Enhanced SPS Velocity-adaptive Scheme: Access Fairness in 5G NR V2I Networks

Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) technology enables information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Specifically, when a vehicle approaches a roadside unit (RSU), it can exchange information with the RSU to obtain accurate data that assists in driving. With the release of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 16, which includes the 5G New Radio (NR) Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) standards, vehicles typically adopt mode-2 communication using sensing-based semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) for resource allocation. In this approach, vehicles identify candidate resources within a selection window and exclude ineligible resources based on information from a sensing window. However, vehicles often drive at different speeds, resulting in varying amounts of data transmission with RSUs as they pass by, which leads to unfair access. Therefore, it is essential to design an access scheme that accounts for different vehicle speeds to achieve fair access across the network. This paper formulates an optimization problem for vehicular networks and proposes a multi-objective optimization scheme to address it by adjusting the selection window in the SPS mechanism of 5G NR V2I mode-2. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme

Explainable Semantic Federated Learning Enabled Industrial Edge Network for Fire Surveillance

In fire surveillance, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices require transmitting large monitoring data frequently, which leads to huge consumption of spectrum resources. Hence, we propose an Industrial Edge Semantic Network (IESN) to allow IIoT devices to send warnings through Semantic communication (SC). Thus, we should consider (1) Data privacy and security. (2) SC model adaptation for heterogeneous devices. (3) Explainability of semantics. Therefore, first, we present an eXplainable Semantic Federated Learning (XSFL) to train the SC model, thus ensuring data privacy and security. Then, we present an Adaptive Client Training (ACT) strategy to provide a specific SC model for each device according to its Fisher information matrix, thus overcoming the heterogeneity. Next, an Explainable SC (ESC) mechanism is designed, which introduces a leakyReLU-based activation mapping to explain the relationship between the extracted semantics and monitoring data. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of XSFL.

Semantic-Aware Resource Management for C-V2X Platooning via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

This paper presents a semantic-aware multi-modal resource allocation (SAMRA) for multi-task using multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), termed SAMRAMARL, utilizing in platoon systems where cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication is employed. The proposed approach leverages the semantic information to optimize the allocation of communication resources. By integrating a distributed multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithm, SAMRAMARL enables autonomous decision-making for each vehicle, channel assignment optimization, power allocation, and semantic symbol length based on the contextual importance of the transmitted information. This semantic-awareness ensures that both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications prioritize data that is critical for maintaining safe and efficient platoon operations. The framework also introduces a tailored quality of experience (QoE) metric for semantic communication, aiming to maximize QoE in V2V links while improving the success rate of semantic information transmission (SRS). Extensive simulations has demonstrated that SAMRAMARL outperforms existing methods, achieving significant gains in QoE and communication efficiency in C-V2X platooning scenarios.

V2X-Assisted Distributed Computing and Control Framework for Connected and Automated Vehicles under Ramp Merging Scenario

This paper investigates distributed computing and cooperative control of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in ramp merging scenario under transportation cyber-physical system. Firstly, a centralized cooperative trajectory planning problem is formulated subject to the safely constraints and traffic performance in ramp merging scenario, where the trajectories of all vehicles are jointly optimized. To get rid of the reliance on a central controller and reduce computation time, a distributed solution to this problem implemented among CAVs through Vehicles-to-Everything (V2X) communication is proposed. Unlike existing method, our method can distribute the computational task among CAVs and carry out parallel solving through V2X communication. Then, a multi-vehicles model predictive control (MPC) problem aimed at maximizing system stability and minimizing control input is formulated based on the solution of the first problem subject to strict safety constants and input limits. Due to these complex constraints, this problem becomes high-dimensional, centralized, and non-convex. To solve it in a short time, a decomposition and convex reformulation method, namely distributed cooperative iterative model predictive control (DCIMPC), is proposed. This method leverages the communication capability of CAVs to decompose the problem, making full use of the computational resources on vehicles to achieve fast solutions and distributed control. The two above problems with their corresponding solving methods form the systemic framework of the V2X assisted distributed computing and control. Simulations have been conducted to evaluate the framework's convergence, safety, and solving speed. Additionally, extra experiments are conducted to validate the performance of DCIMPC. The results show that our method can greatly improve computation speed without sacrificing system performance.

GAI-Enabled Explainable Personalized Federated Semi-Supervised Learning

Federated learning (FL) is a commonly distributed algorithm for mobile users (MUs) training artificial intelligence (AI) models, however, several challenges arise when applying FL to real-world scenarios, such as label scarcity, non-IID data, and unexplainability. As a result, we propose an explainable personalized FL framework, called XPFL. First, we introduce a generative AI (GAI) assisted personalized federated semi-supervised learning, called GFed. Particularly, in local training, we utilize a GAI model to learn from large unlabeled data and apply knowledge distillation-based semi-supervised learning to train the local FL model using the knowledge acquired from the GAI model. In global aggregation, we obtain the new local FL model by fusing the local and global FL models in specific proportions, allowing each local model to incorporate knowledge from others while preserving its personalized characteristics. Second, we propose an explainable AI mechanism for FL, named XFed. Specifically, in local training, we apply a decision tree to match the input and output of the local FL model. In global aggregation, we utilize t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) to visualize the local models before and after aggregation. Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed XPFL framework.

Large Language Model Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Integrated Sensing and Communications in UAV Networks

This letter investigates an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) network with integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, where multiple UAVs simultaneously sense the locations of ground users and provide communication services with radars. To find the trade-off between communication and sensing (C\&S) in the system, we formulate a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) to maximize the total network utility and the localization Cram\'er-Rao bounds (CRB) of ground users, which jointly optimizes the deployment and power control of UAVs. Inspired by the huge potential of large language models (LLM) for prediction and inference, we propose an LLM-enabled decomposition-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (LEDMA) for solving the highly non-convex MOP. We first adopt a decomposition-based scheme to decompose the MOP into a series of optimization sub-problems. We second integrate LLMs as black-box search operators with MOP-specifically designed prompt engineering into the framework of MOEA to solve optimization sub-problems simultaneously. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed LEDMA can find the clear trade-off between C\&S and outperforms baseline MOEAs in terms of obtained Pareto fronts and convergence.

Efficient Driving Behavior Narration and Reasoning on Edge Device Using Large Language Models

Deep learning architectures with powerful reasoning capabilities have driven significant advancements in autonomous driving technology. Large language models (LLMs) applied in this field can describe driving scenes and behaviors with a level of accuracy similar to human perception, particularly in visual tasks. Meanwhile, the rapid development of edge computing, with its advantage of proximity to data sources, has made edge devices increasingly important in autonomous driving. Edge devices process data locally, reducing transmission delays and bandwidth usage, and achieving faster response times. In this work, we propose a driving behavior narration and reasoning framework that applies LLMs to edge devices. The framework consists of multiple roadside units, with LLMs deployed on each unit. These roadside units collect road data and communicate via 5G NSR/NR networks. Our experiments show that LLMs deployed on edge devices can achieve satisfactory response speeds. Additionally, we propose a prompt strategy to enhance the narration and reasoning performance of the system. This strategy integrates multi-modal information, including environmental, agent, and motion data. Experiments conducted on the OpenDV-Youtube dataset demonstrate that our approach significantly improves performance across both tasks.

Joint MIMO Transceiver and Reflector Design for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Communication

In this paper, we consider a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted multiple-input multiple-output communication system with multiple antennas at both the base station (BS) and the user. We plan to maximize the achievable rate through jointly optimizing the transmit precoding matrix, the receive combining matrix, and the RIS reflection matrix under the constraints of the transmit power at the BS and the unit-modulus reflection at the RIS. Regarding the non-trivial problem form, we initially reformulate it into an considerable problem to make it tractable by utilizing the relationship between the achievable rate and the weighted minimum mean squared error. Next, the transmit precoding matrix, the receive combining matrix, and the RIS reflection matrix are alternately optimized. In particular, the optimal transmit precoding matrix and receive combining matrix are obtained in closed forms. Furthermore, a pair of computationally efficient methods are proposed for the RIS reflection matrix, namely the semi-definite relaxation (SDR) method and the successive closed form (SCF) method. We theoretically prove that both methods are ensured to converge, and the SCF-based algorithm is able to converges to a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker point of the problem.

Personalized Wireless Federated Learning for Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing tasks. However, their deployment in wireless networks still face challenges, i.e., a lack of privacy and security protection mechanisms. Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a promising approach to address these challenges. Yet, it suffers from issues including inefficient handling with big and heterogeneous data, resource-intensive training, and high communication overhead. To tackle these issues, we first compare different learning stages and their features of LLMs in wireless networks. Next, we introduce two personalized wireless federated fine-tuning methods with low communication overhead, i.e., (1) Personalized Federated Instruction Tuning (PFIT), which employs reinforcement learning to fine-tune local LLMs with diverse reward models to achieve personalization; (2) Personalized Federated Task Tuning (PFTT), which can leverage global adapters and local Low-Rank Adaptations (LoRA) to collaboratively fine-tune local LLMs, where the local LoRAs can be applied to achieve personalization without aggregation. Finally, we perform simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two methods and comprehensively discuss open issues.

Large Generative Model Assisted 3D Semantic Communication

Semantic Communication (SC) is a novel paradigm for data transmission in 6G. However, there are several challenges posed when performing SC in 3D scenarios: 1) 3D semantic extraction; 2) Latent semantic redundancy; and 3) Uncertain channel estimation. To address these issues, we propose a Generative AI Model assisted 3D SC (GAM-3DSC) system. Firstly, we introduce a 3D Semantic Extractor (3DSE), which employs generative AI models, including Segment Anything Model (SAM) and Neural Radiance Field (NeRF), to extract key semantics from a 3D scenario based on user requirements. The extracted 3D semantics are represented as multi-perspective images of the goal-oriented 3D object. Then, we present an Adaptive Semantic Compression Model (ASCM) for encoding these multi-perspective images, in which we use a semantic encoder with two output heads to perform semantic encoding and mask redundant semantics in the latent semantic space, respectively. Next, we design a conditional Generative adversarial network and Diffusion model aided-Channel Estimation (GDCE) to estimate and refine the Channel State Information (CSI) of physical channels. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed GAM-3DSC system in effectively transmitting the goal-oriented 3D scenario.