Discovering Knowledge Deficiencies of Language Models on Massive Knowledge Base

Large language models (LLMs) possess impressive linguistic capabilities but often fail to faithfully retain factual knowledge, leading to hallucinations and unreliable outputs. Understanding LLMs' knowledge deficiencies by exhaustively evaluating against full-scale knowledge bases is computationally prohibitive, especially for closed-weight models. We propose stochastic error ascent (SEA), a scalable and efficient framework for discovering knowledge deficiencies (errors) in closed-weight LLMs under a strict query budget. Rather than naively probing all knowledge candidates, SEA formulates error discovery as a stochastic optimization process: it iteratively retrieves new high-error candidates by leveraging the semantic similarity to previously observed failures. To further enhance search efficiency and coverage, SEA employs hierarchical retrieval across document and paragraph levels, and constructs a relation directed acyclic graph to model error propagation and identify systematic failure modes. Empirically, SEA uncovers 40.7x more knowledge errors than Automated Capability Discovery and 26.7% more than AutoBencher, while reducing the cost-per-error by 599x and 9x, respectively. Human evaluation confirms the high quality of generated questions, while ablation and convergence analyses validate the contribution of each component in SEA. Further analysis on the discovered errors reveals correlated failure patterns across LLM families and recurring deficits, highlighting the need for better data coverage and targeted fine-tuning in future LLM development.

Vision and Language Reference Prompt into SAM for Few-shot Segmentation

Segment Anything Model (SAM) represents a large-scale segmentation model that enables powerful zero-shot capabilities with flexible prompts. While SAM can segment any object in zero-shot, it requires user-provided prompts for each target image and does not attach any label information to masks. Few-shot segmentation models addressed these issues by inputting annotated reference images as prompts to SAM and can segment specific objects in target images without user-provided prompts. Previous SAM-based few-shot segmentation models only use annotated reference images as prompts, resulting in limited accuracy due to a lack of reference information. In this paper, we propose a novel few-shot segmentation model, Vision and Language reference Prompt into SAM (VLP-SAM), that utilizes the visual information of the reference images and the semantic information of the text labels by inputting not only images but also language as reference information. In particular, VLP-SAM is a simple and scalable structure with minimal learnable parameters, which inputs prompt embeddings with vision-language information into SAM using a multimodal vision-language model. To demonstrate the effectiveness of VLP-SAM, we conducted experiments on the PASCAL-5i and COCO-20i datasets, and achieved high performance in the few-shot segmentation task, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art model by a large margin (6.3% and 9.5% in mIoU, respectively). Furthermore, VLP-SAM demonstrates its generality in unseen objects that are not included in the training data. Our code is available at https://github.com/kosukesakurai1/VLP-SAM.

Fashionability-Enhancing Outfit Image Editing with Conditional Diffusion Models

Image generation in the fashion domain has predominantly focused on preserving body characteristics or following input prompts, but little attention has been paid to improving the inherent fashionability of the output images. This paper presents a novel diffusion model-based approach that generates fashion images with improved fashionability while maintaining control over key attributes. Key components of our method include: 1) fashionability enhancement, which ensures that the generated images are more fashionable than the input; 2) preservation of body characteristics, encouraging the generated images to maintain the original shape and proportions of the input; and 3) automatic fashion optimization, which does not rely on manual input or external prompts. We also employ two methods to collect training data for guidance while generating and evaluating the images. In particular, we rate outfit images using fashionability scores annotated by multiple fashion experts through OpenSkill-based and five critical aspect-based pairwise comparisons. These methods provide complementary perspectives for assessing and improving the fashionability of the generated images. The experimental results show that our approach outperforms the baseline Fashion++ in generating images with superior fashionability, demonstrating its effectiveness in producing more stylish and appealing fashion images.

Template Matters: Understanding the Role of Instruction Templates in Multimodal Language Model Evaluation and Training

Current multimodal language models (MLMs) evaluation and training approaches overlook the influence of instruction format, presenting an elephant-in-the-room problem. Previous research deals with this problem by manually crafting instructions, failing to yield significant insights due to limitations in diversity and scalability. In this work, we propose a programmatic instruction template generator capable of producing over 39B unique template combinations by filling randomly sampled positional synonyms into weighted sampled meta templates, enabling us to comprehensively examine the MLM's performance across diverse instruction templates. Our experiments across eight common MLMs on five benchmark datasets reveal that MLMs have high template sensitivities with at most 29% performance gaps between different templates. We further augment the instruction tuning dataset of LLaVA-1.5 with our template generator and perform instruction tuning on LLaVA-1.5-7B and LLaVA-1.5-13B. Models tuned on our augmented dataset achieve the best overall performance when compared with the same scale MLMs tuned on at most 75 times the scale of our augmented dataset, highlighting the importance of instruction templates in MLM training. The code is available at https://github.com/shijian2001/TemplateMatters .

An Empirical Analysis of GPT-4V's Performance on Fashion Aesthetic Evaluation

Fashion aesthetic evaluation is the task of estimating how well the outfits worn by individuals in images suit them. In this work, we examine the zero-shot performance of GPT-4V on this task for the first time. We show that its predictions align fairly well with human judgments on our datasets, and also find that it struggles with ranking outfits in similar colors. The code is available at https://github.com/st-tech/gpt4v-fashion-aesthetic-evaluation.

Disentangling Likes and Dislikes in Personalized Generative Explainable Recommendation

Recent research on explainable recommendation generally frames the task as a standard text generation problem, and evaluates models simply based on the textual similarity between the predicted and ground-truth explanations. However, this approach fails to consider one crucial aspect of the systems: whether their outputs accurately reflect the users' (post-purchase) sentiments, i.e., whether and why they would like and/or dislike the recommended items. To shed light on this issue, we introduce new datasets and evaluation methods that focus on the users' sentiments. Specifically, we construct the datasets by explicitly extracting users' positive and negative opinions from their post-purchase reviews using an LLM, and propose to evaluate systems based on whether the generated explanations 1) align well with the users' sentiments, and 2) accurately identify both positive and negative opinions of users on the target items. We benchmark several recent models on our datasets and demonstrate that achieving strong performance on existing metrics does not ensure that the generated explanations align well with the users' sentiments. Lastly, we find that existing models can provide more sentiment-aware explanations when the users' (predicted) ratings for the target items are directly fed into the models as input. We will release our code and datasets upon acceptance.

A Fashion Item Recommendation Model in Hyperbolic Space

In this work, we propose a fashion item recommendation model that incorporates hyperbolic geometry into user and item representations. Using hyperbolic space, our model aims to capture implicit hierarchies among items based on their visual data and users' purchase history. During training, we apply a multi-task learning framework that considers both hyperbolic and Euclidean distances in the loss function. Our experiments on three data sets show that our model performs better than previous models trained in Euclidean space only, confirming the effectiveness of our model. Our ablation studies show that multi-task learning plays a key role, and removing the Euclidean loss substantially deteriorates the model performance.

Explaining Black-box Model Predictions via Two-level Nested Feature Attributions with Consistency Property

Techniques that explain the predictions of black-box machine learning models are crucial to make the models transparent, thereby increasing trust in AI systems. The input features to the models often have a nested structure that consists of high- and low-level features, and each high-level feature is decomposed into multiple low-level features. For such inputs, both high-level feature attributions (HiFAs) and low-level feature attributions (LoFAs) are important for better understanding the model's decision. In this paper, we propose a model-agnostic local explanation method that effectively exploits the nested structure of the input to estimate the two-level feature attributions simultaneously. A key idea of the proposed method is to introduce the consistency property that should exist between the HiFAs and LoFAs, thereby bridging the separate optimization problems for estimating them. Thanks to this consistency property, the proposed method can produce HiFAs and LoFAs that are both faithful to the black-box models and consistent with each other, using a smaller number of queries to the models. In experiments on image classification in multiple instance learning and text classification using language models, we demonstrate that the HiFAs and LoFAs estimated by the proposed method are accurate, faithful to the behaviors of the black-box models, and provide consistent explanations.

On permutation-invariant neural networks

Conventional machine learning algorithms have traditionally been designed under the assumption that input data follows a vector-based format, with an emphasis on vector-centric paradigms. However, as the demand for tasks involving set-based inputs has grown, there has been a paradigm shift in the research community towards addressing these challenges. In recent years, the emergence of neural network architectures such as Deep Sets and Transformers has presented a significant advancement in the treatment of set-based data. These architectures are specifically engineered to naturally accommodate sets as input, enabling more effective representation and processing of set structures. Consequently, there has been a surge of research endeavors dedicated to exploring and harnessing the capabilities of these architectures for various tasks involving the approximation of set functions. This comprehensive survey aims to provide an overview of the diverse problem settings and ongoing research efforts pertaining to neural networks that approximate set functions. By delving into the intricacies of these approaches and elucidating the associated challenges, the survey aims to equip readers with a comprehensive understanding of the field. Through this comprehensive perspective, we hope that researchers can gain valuable insights into the potential applications, inherent limitations, and future directions of set-based neural networks. Indeed, from this survey we gain two insights: i) Deep Sets and its variants can be generalized by differences in the aggregation function, and ii) the behavior of Deep Sets is sensitive to the choice of the aggregation function. From these observations, we show that Deep Sets, one of the well-known permutation-invariant neural networks, can be generalized in the sense of a quasi-arithmetic mean.

Partial Visual-Semantic Embedding: Fashion Intelligence System with Sensitive Part-by-Part Learning

In this study, we propose a technology called the Fashion Intelligence System based on the visual-semantic embedding (VSE) model to quantify abstract and complex expressions unique to fashion, such as ''casual,'' ''adult-casual,'' and ''office-casual,'' and to support users' understanding of fashion. However, the existing VSE model does not support the situations in which the image is composed of multiple parts such as hair, tops, pants, skirts, and shoes. We propose partial VSE, which enables sensitive learning for each part of the fashion coordinates. The proposed model partially learns embedded representations. This helps retain the various existing practical functionalities and enables image-retrieval tasks in which changes are made only to the specified parts and image reordering tasks that focus on the specified parts. This was not possible with conventional models. Based on both the qualitative and quantitative evaluation experiments, we show that the proposed model is superior to conventional models without increasing the computational complexity.