Training Agents with Weakly Supervised Feedback from Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising basis for creating agents that can tackle complex tasks through iterative environmental interaction. Existing methods either require these agents to mimic expert-provided trajectories or rely on definitive environmental feedback for reinforcement learning which limits their application to specific scenarios like gaming or code generation. This paper introduces a novel training method for LLM-based agents using weakly supervised signals from a critic LLM, bypassing the need for expert trajectories or definitive feedback. Our agents are trained in iterative manner, where they initially generate trajectories through environmental interaction. Subsequently, a critic LLM selects a subset of good trajectories, which are then used to update the agents, enabling them to generate improved trajectories in the next iteration. Extensive tests on the API-bank dataset show consistent improvement in our agents' capabilities and comparable performance to GPT-4, despite using open-source models with much fewer parameters.

Edge-Enhanced Dilated Residual Attention Network for Multimodal Medical Image Fusion

Multimodal medical image fusion is a crucial task that combines complementary information from different imaging modalities into a unified representation, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. While deep learning methods, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Transformers, have significantly advanced fusion performance, some of the existing CNN-based methods fall short in capturing fine-grained multiscale and edge features, leading to suboptimal feature integration. Transformer-based models, on the other hand, are computationally intensive in both the training and fusion stages, making them impractical for real-time clinical use. Moreover, the clinical application of fused images remains unexplored. In this paper, we propose a novel CNN-based architecture that addresses these limitations by introducing a Dilated Residual Attention Network Module for effective multiscale feature extraction, coupled with a gradient operator to enhance edge detail learning. To ensure fast and efficient fusion, we present a parameter-free fusion strategy based on the weighted nuclear norm of softmax, which requires no additional computations during training or inference. Extensive experiments, including a downstream brain tumor classification task, demonstrate that our approach outperforms various baseline methods in terms of visual quality, texture preservation, and fusion speed, making it a possible practical solution for real-world clinical applications. The code will be released at https://github.com/simonZhou86/en_dran.

Towards Democratizing Multilingual Large Language Models For Medicine Through A Two-Stage Instruction Fine-tuning Approach

Open-source, multilingual medical large language models (LLMs) have the potential to serve linguistically diverse populations across different regions. Adapting generic LLMs for healthcare often requires continual pretraining, but this approach is computationally expensive and sometimes impractical. Instruction fine-tuning on a specific task may not always guarantee optimal performance due to the lack of broader domain knowledge that the model needs to understand and reason effectively in diverse scenarios. To address these challenges, we introduce two multilingual instruction fine-tuning datasets, MMed-IFT and MMed-IFT-MC, containing over 200k high-quality medical samples in six languages. We propose a two-stage training paradigm: the first stage injects general medical knowledge using MMed-IFT, while the second stage fine-tunes task-specific multiple-choice questions with MMed-IFT-MC. Our method achieves competitive results on both English and multilingual benchmarks, striking a balance between computational efficiency and performance. We plan to make our dataset and model weights public at \url{https://github.com/SpassMed/Med-Llama3} in the future.

A Labeled Ophthalmic Ultrasound Dataset with Medical Report Generation Based on Cross-modal Deep Learning

Ultrasound imaging reveals eye morphology and aids in diagnosing and treating eye diseases. However, interpreting diagnostic reports requires specialized physicians. We present a labeled ophthalmic dataset for the precise analysis and the automated exploration of medical images along with their associated reports. It collects three modal data, including the ultrasound images, blood flow information and examination reports from 2,417 patients at an ophthalmology hospital in Shenyang, China, during the year 2018, in which the patient information is de-identified for privacy protection. To the best of our knowledge, it is the only ophthalmic dataset that contains the three modal information simultaneously. It incrementally consists of 4,858 images with the corresponding free-text reports, which describe 15 typical imaging findings of intraocular diseases and the corresponding anatomical locations. Each image shows three kinds of blood flow indices at three specific arteries, i.e., nine parameter values to describe the spectral characteristics of blood flow distribution. The reports were written by ophthalmologists during the clinical care. The proposed dataset is applied to generate medical report based on the cross-modal deep learning model. The experimental results demonstrate that our dataset is suitable for training supervised models concerning cross-modal medical data.

Generating 3D Brain Tumor Regions in MRI using Vector-Quantization Generative Adversarial Networks

Medical image analysis has significantly benefited from advancements in deep learning, particularly in the application of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for generating realistic and diverse images that can augment training datasets. However, the effectiveness of such approaches is often limited by the amount of available data in clinical settings. Additionally, the common GAN-based approach is to generate entire image volumes, rather than solely the region of interest (ROI). Research on deep learning-based brain tumor classification using MRI has shown that it is easier to classify the tumor ROIs compared to the entire image volumes. In this work, we present a novel framework that uses vector-quantization GAN and a transformer incorporating masked token modeling to generate high-resolution and diverse 3D brain tumor ROIs that can be directly used as augmented data for the classification of brain tumor ROI. We apply our method to two imbalanced datasets where we augment the minority class: (1) the Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge (BraTS) 2019 dataset to generate new low-grade glioma (LGG) ROIs to balance with high-grade glioma (HGG) class; (2) the internal pediatric LGG (pLGG) dataset tumor ROIs with BRAF V600E Mutation genetic marker to balance with BRAF Fusion genetic marker class. We show that the proposed method outperforms various baseline models in both qualitative and quantitative measurements. The generated data was used to balance the data in the brain tumor types classification task. Using the augmented data, our approach surpasses baseline models by 6.4% in AUC on the BraTS 2019 dataset and 4.3% in AUC on our internal pLGG dataset. The results indicate the generated tumor ROIs can effectively address the imbalanced data problem. Our proposed method has the potential to facilitate an accurate diagnosis of rare brain tumors using MRI scans.

Domain Transfer Through Image-to-Image Translation for Uncertainty-Aware Prostate Cancer Classification

Prostate Cancer (PCa) is often diagnosed using High-resolution 3.0 Tesla(T) MRI, which has been widely established in clinics. However, there are still many medical centers that use 1.5T MRI units in the actual diagnostic process of PCa. In the past few years, deep learning-based models have been proven to be efficient on the PCa classification task and can be successfully used to support radiologists during the diagnostic process. However, training such models often requires a vast amount of data, and sometimes it is unobtainable in practice. Additionally, multi-source MRIs can pose challenges due to cross-domain distribution differences. In this paper, we have presented a novel approach for unpaired image-to-image translation of prostate mp-MRI for classifying clinically significant PCa, to be applied in data-constrained settings. First, we introduce domain transfer, a novel pipeline to translate unpaired 3.0T multi-parametric prostate MRIs to 1.5T, to increase the number of training data. Second, we estimate the uncertainty of our models through an evidential deep learning approach; and leverage the dataset filtering technique during the training process. Furthermore, we introduce a simple, yet efficient Evidential Focal Loss that incorporates the focal loss with evidential uncertainty to train our model. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the Area Under ROC Curve (AUC) by over 20% compared to the previous work (98.4% vs. 76.2%). We envision that providing prediction uncertainty to radiologists may help them focus more on uncertain cases and thus expedite the diagnostic process effectively. Our code is available at https://github.com/med-i-lab/DT_UE_PCa

An Attention-based Multi-Scale Feature Learning Network for Multimodal Medical Image Fusion

Medical images play an important role in clinical applications. Multimodal medical images could provide rich information about patients for physicians to diagnose. The image fusion technique is able to synthesize complementary information from multimodal images into a single image. This technique will prevent radiologists switch back and forth between different images and save lots of time in the diagnostic process. In this paper, we introduce a novel Dilated Residual Attention Network for the medical image fusion task. Our network is capable to extract multi-scale deep semantic features. Furthermore, we propose a novel fixed fusion strategy termed Softmax-based weighted strategy based on the Softmax weights and matrix nuclear norm. Extensive experiments show our proposed network and fusion strategy exceed the state-of-the-art performance compared with reference image fusion methods on four commonly used fusion metrics.

From Clozing to Comprehending: Retrofitting Pre-trained Language Model to Pre-trained Machine Reader

We present Pre-trained Machine Reader (PMR), a novel method to retrofit Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) into Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) models without acquiring labeled data. PMR is capable of resolving the discrepancy between model pre-training and downstream fine-tuning of existing PLMs, and provides a unified solver for tackling various extraction tasks. To achieve this, we construct a large volume of general-purpose and high-quality MRC-style training data with the help of Wikipedia hyperlinks and design a Wiki Anchor Extraction task to guide the MRC-style pre-training process. Although conceptually simple, PMR is particularly effective in solving extraction tasks including Extractive Question Answering and Named Entity Recognition, where it shows tremendous improvements over previous approaches especially under low-resource settings. Moreover, viewing sequence classification task as a special case of extraction task in our MRC formulation, PMR is even capable to extract high-quality rationales to explain the classification process, providing more explainability of the predictions.

Towards Theoretical Analysis of Transformation Complexity of ReLU DNNs

This paper aims to theoretically analyze the complexity of feature transformations encoded in DNNs with ReLU layers. We propose metrics to measure three types of complexities of transformations based on the information theory. We further discover and prove the strong correlation between the complexity and the disentanglement of transformations. Based on the proposed metrics, we analyze two typical phenomena of the change of the transformation complexity during the training process, and explore the ceiling of a DNN's complexity. The proposed metrics can also be used as a loss to learn a DNN with the minimum complexity, which also controls the over-fitting level of the DNN and influences adversarial robustness, adversarial transferability, and knowledge consistency. Comprehensive comparative studies have provided new perspectives to understand the DNN.

Enhancing Cross-lingual Prompting with Mask Token Augmentation

Prompting shows promising results in few-shot scenarios. However, its strength for multilingual/cross-lingual problems has not been fully exploited. Zhao and Sch\"utze (2021) made initial explorations in this direction by presenting that cross-lingual prompting outperforms cross-lingual finetuning. In this paper, we conduct empirical analysis on the effect of each component in cross-lingual prompting and derive Universal Prompting across languages, which helps alleviate the discrepancies between source-language training and target-language inference. Based on this, we propose a mask token augmentation framework to further improve the performance of prompt-based cross-lingual transfer. Notably, for XNLI, our method achieves 46.54% with only 16 English training examples per class, significantly better than 34.99% of finetuning.