Cross-Modal Consistency in Multimodal Large Language Models

Recent developments in multimodal methodologies have marked the beginning of an exciting era for models adept at processing diverse data types, encompassing text, audio, and visual content. Models like GPT-4V, which merge computer vision with advanced language processing, exhibit extraordinary proficiency in handling intricate tasks that require a simultaneous understanding of both textual and visual information. Prior research efforts have meticulously evaluated the efficacy of these Vision Large Language Models (VLLMs) in various domains, including object detection, image captioning, and other related fields. However, existing analyses have often suffered from limitations, primarily centering on the isolated evaluation of each modality's performance while neglecting to explore their intricate cross-modal interactions. Specifically, the question of whether these models achieve the same level of accuracy when confronted with identical task instances across different modalities remains unanswered. In this study, we take the initiative to delve into the interaction and comparison among these modalities of interest by introducing a novel concept termed cross-modal consistency. Furthermore, we propose a quantitative evaluation framework founded on this concept. Our experimental findings, drawn from a curated collection of parallel vision-language datasets developed by us, unveil a pronounced inconsistency between the vision and language modalities within GPT-4V, despite its portrayal as a unified multimodal model. Our research yields insights into the appropriate utilization of such models and hints at potential avenues for enhancing their design.

SASE: A Searching Architecture for Squeeze and Excitation Operations

In the past few years, channel-wise and spatial-wise attention blocks have been widely adopted as supplementary modules in deep neural networks, enhancing network representational abilities while introducing low complexity. Most attention modules follow a squeeze-and-excitation paradigm. However, to design such attention modules, requires a substantial amount of experiments and computational resources. Neural Architecture Search (NAS), meanwhile, is able to automate the design of neural networks and spares the numerous experiments required for an optimal architecture. This motivates us to design a search architecture that can automatically find near-optimal attention modules through NAS. We propose SASE, a Searching Architecture for Squeeze and Excitation operations, to form a plug-and-play attention block by searching within certain search space. The search space is separated into 4 different sets, each corresponds to the squeeze or excitation operation along the channel or spatial dimension. Additionally, the search sets include not only existing attention blocks but also other operations that have not been utilized in attention mechanisms before. To the best of our knowledge, SASE is the first attempt to subdivide the attention search space and search for architectures beyond currently known attention modules. The searched attention module is tested with extensive experiments across a range of visual tasks. Experimental results indicate that visual backbone networks (ResNet-50/101) using the SASE attention module achieved the best performance compared to those using the current state-of-the-art attention modules. Codes are included in the supplementary material, and they will be made public later.

Action Controlled Paraphrasing

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential to control paraphrase generation, such as through syntax, which has broad applications in various downstream tasks. However, these methods often require detailed parse trees or syntactic exemplars, which are not user-friendly. Furthermore, an inference gap exists, as control specifications are only available during training but not inference. In this work, we propose a new setup for controlled paraphrasing. Specifically, we represent user-intended actions as action tokens, allowing embedding and concatenating them with text embeddings, thus flowing together to a self-attention encoder for representation fusion. To address the inference gap, we introduce an optional action token as a placeholder that encourages the model to determine the appropriate action when control specifications are inaccessible. Experimental results show that our method successfully enables specific action-controlled paraphrasing and preserves the same or even better performance compared to conventional uncontrolled methods when actions are not given. Our findings thus promote the concept of optional action control for a more user-centered design via representation learning.

Lost in Translation: When GPT-4V Can't See Eye to Eye with Text. A Vision-Language-Consistency Analysis of VLLMs and Beyond

Recent advancements in multimodal techniques open exciting possibilities for models excelling in diverse tasks involving text, audio, and image processing. Models like GPT-4V, blending computer vision and language modeling, excel in complex text and image tasks. Numerous prior research endeavors have diligently examined the performance of these Vision Large Language Models (VLLMs) across tasks like object detection, image captioning and others. However, these analyses often focus on evaluating the performance of each modality in isolation, lacking insights into their cross-modal interactions. Specifically, questions concerning whether these vision-language models execute vision and language tasks consistently or independently have remained unanswered. In this study, we draw inspiration from recent investigations into multilingualism and conduct a comprehensive analysis of model's cross-modal interactions. We introduce a systematic framework that quantifies the capability disparities between different modalities in the multi-modal setting and provide a set of datasets designed for these evaluations. Our findings reveal that models like GPT-4V tend to perform consistently modalities when the tasks are relatively simple. However, the trustworthiness of results derived from the vision modality diminishes as the tasks become more challenging. Expanding on our findings, we introduce "Vision Description Prompting," a method that effectively improves performance in challenging vision-related tasks.

Zero-Shot Continuous Prompt Transfer: Generalizing Task Semantics Across Language Models

Prompt tuning in natural language processing (NLP) has become an increasingly popular method for adapting large language models to specific tasks. However, the transferability of these prompts, especially continuous prompts, between different models remains a challenge. In this work, we propose a zero-shot continuous prompt transfer method, where source prompts are encoded into relative space and the corresponding target prompts are searched for transferring to target models. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our method, showing that 'task semantics' in continuous prompts can be generalized across various language models. Moreover, we find that combining 'task semantics' from multiple source models can further enhance the generalizability of transfer.

Unsupervised Chunking with Hierarchical RNN

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), predicting linguistic structures, such as parsing and chunking, has mostly relied on manual annotations of syntactic structures. This paper introduces an unsupervised approach to chunking, a syntactic task that involves grouping words in a non-hierarchical manner. We present a two-layer Hierarchical Recurrent Neural Network (HRNN) designed to model word-to-chunk and chunk-to-sentence compositions. Our approach involves a two-stage training process: pretraining with an unsupervised parser and finetuning on downstream NLP tasks. Experiments on the CoNLL-2000 dataset reveal a notable improvement over existing unsupervised methods, enhancing phrase F1 score by up to 6 percentage points. Further, finetuning with downstream tasks results in an additional performance improvement. Interestingly, we observe that the emergence of the chunking structure is transient during the neural model's downstream-task training. This study contributes to the advancement of unsupervised syntactic structure discovery and opens avenues for further research in linguistic theory.

A Data-Centric Solution to NonHomogeneous Dehazing via Vision Transformer

Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in image dehazing. Many deep learning methods have been proposed to tackle this challenge, and have made significant accomplishments dealing with homogeneous haze. However, these solutions cannot maintain comparable performance when they are applied to images with non-homogeneous haze, e.g., NH-HAZE23 dataset introduced by NTIRE challenges. One of the reasons for such failures is that non-homogeneous haze does not obey one of the assumptions that is required for modeling homogeneous haze. In addition, a large number of pairs of non-homogeneous hazy image and the clean counterpart is required using traditional end-to-end training approaches, while NH-HAZE23 dataset is of limited quantities. Although it is possible to augment the NH-HAZE23 dataset by leveraging other non-homogeneous dehazing datasets, we observe that it is necessary to design a proper data-preprocessing approach that reduces the distribution gaps between the target dataset and the augmented one. This finding indeed aligns with the essence of data-centric AI. With a novel network architecture and a principled data-preprocessing approach that systematically enhances data quality, we present an innovative dehazing method. Specifically, we apply RGB-channel-wise transformations on the augmented datasets, and incorporate the state-of-the-art transformers as the backbone in the two-branch framework. We conduct extensive experiments and ablation study to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

New Benchmark for Household Garbage Image Recognition

Household garbage images are usually faced with complex backgrounds, variable illuminations, diverse angles, and changeable shapes, which bring a great difficulty in garbage image classification. Due to the ability to discover problem-specific features, deep learning and especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully and widely used for image representation learning. However, available and stable household garbage datasets are insufficient, which seriously limits the development of research and application. Besides, the state of the art in the field of garbage image classification is not entirely clear. To solve this problem, in this study, we built a new open benchmark dataset for household garbage image classification by simulating different lightings, backgrounds, angles, and shapes. This dataset is named 30 Classes of Household Garbage Images (HGI-30), which contains 18,000 images of 30 household garbage classes. The publicly available HGI-30 dataset allows researchers to develop accurate and robust methods for household garbage recognition. We also conducted experiments and performance analysis of the state-of-the-art deep CNN methods on HGI-30, which serves as baseline results on this benchmark.

Weakly Supervised Explainable Phrasal Reasoning with Neural Fuzzy Logic

Natural language inference (NLI) aims to determine the logical relationship between two sentences among the target labels Entailment, Contradiction, and Neutral. In recent years, deep learning models have become a prevailing approach to NLI, but they lack interpretability and explainability. In this work, we address the explainability for NLI by weakly supervised logical reasoning, and propose an Explainable Phrasal Reasoning (EPR) approach. Our model first detects phrases as the semantic unit and aligns corresponding phrases. Then, the model predicts the NLI label for the aligned phrases, and induces the sentence label by fuzzy logic formulas. Our EPR is almost everywhere differentiable and thus the system can be trained end-to-end in a weakly supervised manner. We annotated a corpus and developed a set of metrics to evaluate phrasal reasoning. Results show that our EPR yields much more meaningful explanations in terms of F scores than previous studies. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to develop a weakly supervised phrasal reasoning model for the NLI task.

GridDehazeNet+: An Enhanced Multi-Scale Network with Intra-Task Knowledge Transfer for Single Image Dehazing

We propose an enhanced multi-scale network, dubbed GridDehazeNet+, for single image dehazing. It consists of three modules: pre-processing, backbone, and post-processing. The trainable pre-processing module can generate learned inputs with better diversity and more pertinent features as compared to those derived inputs produced by hand-selected pre-processing methods. The backbone module implements multi-scale estimation with two major enhancements: 1) a novel grid structure that effectively alleviates the bottleneck issue via dense connections across different scales; 2) a spatial-channel attention block that can facilitate adaptive fusion by consolidating dehazing-relevant features. The post-processing module helps to reduce the artifacts in the final output. To alleviate domain shift between network training and testing, we convert synthetic data to so-called translated data with the distribution shaped to match that of real data. Moreover, to further improve the dehazing performance in real-world scenarios, we propose a novel intra-task knowledge transfer mechanism that leverages the distilled knowledge from synthetic data to assist the learning process on translated data. Experimental results indicate that the proposed GridDehazeNet+ outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on several dehazing benchmarks. The proposed dehazing method does not rely on the atmosphere scattering model, and we provide a possible explanation as to why it is not necessarily beneficial to take advantage of the dimension reduction offered by this model, even if only the dehazing results on synthetic images are concerned.