Splatter-360: Generalizable 360$^{\circ}$ Gaussian Splatting for Wide-baseline Panoramic Images

Wide-baseline panoramic images are frequently used in applications like VR and simulations to minimize capturing labor costs and storage needs. However, synthesizing novel views from these panoramic images in real time remains a significant challenge, especially due to panoramic imagery's high resolution and inherent distortions. Although existing 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) methods can produce photo-realistic views under narrow baselines, they often overfit the training views when dealing with wide-baseline panoramic images due to the difficulty in learning precise geometry from sparse 360$^{\circ}$ views. This paper presents \textit{Splatter-360}, a novel end-to-end generalizable 3DGS framework designed to handle wide-baseline panoramic images. Unlike previous approaches, \textit{Splatter-360} performs multi-view matching directly in the spherical domain by constructing a spherical cost volume through a spherical sweep algorithm, enhancing the network's depth perception and geometry estimation. Additionally, we introduce a 3D-aware bi-projection encoder to mitigate the distortions inherent in panoramic images and integrate cross-view attention to improve feature interactions across multiple viewpoints. This enables robust 3D-aware feature representations and real-time rendering capabilities. Experimental results on the HM3D~\cite{hm3d} and Replica~\cite{replica} demonstrate that \textit{Splatter-360} significantly outperforms state-of-the-art NeRF and 3DGS methods (e.g., PanoGRF, MVSplat, DepthSplat, and HiSplat) in both synthesis quality and generalization performance for wide-baseline panoramic images. Code and trained models are available at \url{https://3d-aigc.github.io/Splatter-360/}.

Digging into Depth Priors for Outdoor Neural Radiance Fields

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) have demonstrated impressive performance in vision and graphics tasks, such as novel view synthesis and immersive reality. However, the shape-radiance ambiguity of radiance fields remains a challenge, especially in the sparse viewpoints setting. Recent work resorts to integrating depth priors into outdoor NeRF training to alleviate the issue. However, the criteria for selecting depth priors and the relative merits of different priors have not been thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the relative merits of selecting different approaches to use the depth priors is also an unexplored problem. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study and evaluation of employing depth priors to outdoor neural radiance fields, covering common depth sensing technologies and most application ways. Specifically, we conduct extensive experiments with two representative NeRF methods equipped with four commonly-used depth priors and different depth usages on two widely used outdoor datasets. Our experimental results reveal several interesting findings that can potentially benefit practitioners and researchers in training their NeRF models with depth priors. Project Page: https://cwchenwang.github.io/outdoor-nerf-depth

MapNeRF: Incorporating Map Priors into Neural Radiance Fields for Driving View Simulation

Simulating camera sensors is a crucial task in autonomous driving. Although neural radiance fields are exceptional at synthesizing photorealistic views in driving simulations, they still fail to generate extrapolated views. This paper proposes to incorporate map priors into neural radiance fields to synthesize out-of-trajectory driving views with semantic road consistency. The key insight is that map information can be utilized as a prior to guiding the training of the radiance fields with uncertainty. Specifically, we utilize the coarse ground surface as uncertain information to supervise the density field and warp depth with uncertainty from unknown camera poses to ensure multi-view consistency. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach can produce semantic consistency in deviated views for vehicle camera simulation. The supplementary video can be viewed at https://youtu.be/jEQWr-Rfh3A.

Digging Into Uncertainty-based Pseudo-label for Robust Stereo Matching

Due to the domain differences and unbalanced disparity distribution across multiple datasets, current stereo matching approaches are commonly limited to a specific dataset and generalize poorly to others. Such domain shift issue is usually addressed by substantial adaptation on costly target-domain ground-truth data, which cannot be easily obtained in practical settings. In this paper, we propose to dig into uncertainty estimation for robust stereo matching. Specifically, to balance the disparity distribution, we employ a pixel-level uncertainty estimation to adaptively adjust the next stage disparity searching space, in this way driving the network progressively prune out the space of unlikely correspondences. Then, to solve the limited ground truth data, an uncertainty-based pseudo-label is proposed to adapt the pre-trained model to the new domain, where pixel-level and area-level uncertainty estimation are proposed to filter out the high-uncertainty pixels of predicted disparity maps and generate sparse while reliable pseudo-labels to align the domain gap. Experimentally, our method shows strong cross-domain, adapt, and joint generalization and obtains \textbf{1st} place on the stereo task of Robust Vision Challenge 2020. Additionally, our uncertainty-based pseudo-labels can be extended to train monocular depth estimation networks in an unsupervised way and even achieves comparable performance with the supervised methods. The code will be available at https://github.com/gallenszl/UCFNet.

NeuS-PIR: Learning Relightable Neural Surface using Pre-Integrated Rendering

Recent advances in neural implicit fields enables rapidly reconstructing 3D geometry from multi-view images. Beyond that, recovering physical properties such as material and illumination is essential for enabling more applications. This paper presents a new method that effectively learns relightable neural surface using pre-intergrated rendering, which simultaneously learns geometry, material and illumination within the neural implicit field. The key insight of our work is that these properties are closely related to each other, and optimizing them in a collaborative manner would lead to consistent improvements. Specifically, we propose NeuS-PIR, a method that factorizes the radiance field into a spatially varying material field and a differentiable environment cubemap, and jointly learns it with geometry represented by neural surface. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art method in both synthetic and real datasets.

CFNet: Cascade and Fused Cost Volume for Robust Stereo Matching

Recently, the ever-increasing capacity of large-scale annotated datasets has led to profound progress in stereo matching. However, most of these successes are limited to a specific dataset and cannot generalize well to other datasets. The main difficulties lie in the large domain differences and unbalanced disparity distribution across a variety of datasets, which greatly limit the real-world applicability of current deep stereo matching models. In this paper, we propose CFNet, a Cascade and Fused cost volume based network to improve the robustness of the stereo matching network. First, we propose a fused cost volume representation to deal with the large domain difference. By fusing multiple low-resolution dense cost volumes to enlarge the receptive field, we can extract robust structural representations for initial disparity estimation. Second, we propose a cascade cost volume representation to alleviate the unbalanced disparity distribution. Specifically, we employ a variance-based uncertainty estimation to adaptively adjust the next stage disparity search space, in this way driving the network progressively prune out the space of unlikely correspondences. By iteratively narrowing down the disparity search space and improving the cost volume resolution, the disparity estimation is gradually refined in a coarse-to-fine manner. When trained on the same training images and evaluated on KITTI, ETH3D, and Middlebury datasets with the fixed model parameters and hyperparameters, our proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art overall performance and obtains the 1st place on the stereo task of Robust Vision Challenge 2020. The code will be available at https://github.com/gallenszl/CFNet.

MSMD-Net: Deep Stereo Matching with Multi-scale and Multi-dimension Cost Volume

Deep end-to-end learning based stereo matching methods have achieved great success as witnessed by the leaderboards across different benchmarking datasets (KITTI, Middlebury, ETH3D, etc), where the cost volume representation is an indispensable step to the success. However, most existing work only employs a single cost volume, which cannot fully exploit the multi-scale cues in stereo matching and provide guidance for disparity refinement. What's more, the single cost volume representation also limits the disparity range and the resolution of the disparity estimation. In this paper, we propose MSMD-Net (Multi-Scale and Multi-Dimension) to construct multi-scale and multi-dimension cost volume. At the multi-scale level, we generate four 4D combination volumes at different scales and integrate them in 3D cost aggregation to predict an initial disparity estimation. At the multi-dimension level, we construct a 3D warped correlation volume and use it to refine the initial disparity map with residual learning. These two dimensional cost volumes are complementary to each other and can boost the performance of disparity estimation. Additionally, we propose a switch training strategy to further improve the accuracy of disparity estimation, where we switch two kinds of different activation functions to alleviate the overfitting issue in the pre-training process. Our proposed method was evaluated on several benchmark datasets and ranked first on KITTI 2012 leaderboard and second on KITTI 2015 leaderboard as of June 23.The code of MSMD-Net is available at https://github.com/gallenszl/MSMD-Net.