Task-Aware Unified Source Separation

Several attempts have been made to handle multiple source separation tasks such as speech enhancement, speech separation, sound event separation, music source separation (MSS), or cinematic audio source separation (CASS) with a single model. These models are trained on large-scale data including speech, instruments, or sound events and can often successfully separate a wide range of sources. However, it is still challenging for such models to cover all separation tasks because some of them are contradictory (e.g., musical instruments are separated in MSS while they have to be grouped in CASS). To overcome this issue and support all the major separation tasks, we propose a task-aware unified source separation (TUSS) model. The model uses a variable number of learnable prompts to specify which source to separate, and changes its behavior depending on the given prompts, enabling it to handle all the major separation tasks including contradictory ones. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TUSS model successfully handles the five major separation tasks mentioned earlier. We also provide some audio examples, including both synthetic mixtures and real recordings, to demonstrate how flexibly the TUSS model changes its behavior at inference depending on the prompts.

Enhanced Reverberation as Supervision for Unsupervised Speech Separation

Reverberation as supervision (RAS) is a framework that allows for training monaural speech separation models from multi-channel mixtures in an unsupervised manner. In RAS, models are trained so that sources predicted from a mixture at an input channel can be mapped to reconstruct a mixture at a target channel. However, stable unsupervised training has so far only been achieved in over-determined source-channel conditions, leaving the key determined case unsolved. This work proposes enhanced RAS (ERAS) for solving this problem. Through qualitative analysis, we found that stable training can be achieved by leveraging the loss term to alleviate the frequency-permutation problem. Separation performance is also boosted by adding a novel loss term where separated signals mapped back to their own input mixture are used as pseudo-targets for the signals separated from other channels and mapped to the same channel. Experimental results demonstrate high stability and performance of ERAS.

TF-Locoformer: Transformer with Local Modeling by Convolution for Speech Separation and Enhancement

Time-frequency (TF) domain dual-path models achieve high-fidelity speech separation. While some previous state-of-the-art (SoTA) models rely on RNNs, this reliance means they lack the parallelizability, scalability, and versatility of Transformer blocks. Given the wide-ranging success of pure Transformer-based architectures in other fields, in this work we focus on removing the RNN from TF-domain dual-path models, while maintaining SoTA performance. This work presents TF-Locoformer, a Transformer-based model with LOcal-modeling by COnvolution. The model uses feed-forward networks (FFNs) with convolution layers, instead of linear layers, to capture local information, letting the self-attention focus on capturing global patterns. We place two such FFNs before and after self-attention to enhance the local-modeling capability. We also introduce a novel normalization for TF-domain dual-path models. Experiments on separation and enhancement datasets show that the proposed model meets or exceeds SoTA in multiple benchmarks with an RNN-free architecture.

Disentangled Acoustic Fields For Multimodal Physical Scene Understanding

We study the problem of multimodal physical scene understanding, where an embodied agent needs to find fallen objects by inferring object properties, direction, and distance of an impact sound source. Previous works adopt feed-forward neural networks to directly regress the variables from sound, leading to poor generalization and domain adaptation issues. In this paper, we illustrate that learning a disentangled model of acoustic formation, referred to as disentangled acoustic field (DAF), to capture the sound generation and propagation process, enables the embodied agent to construct a spatial uncertainty map over where the objects may have fallen. We demonstrate that our analysis-by-synthesis framework can jointly infer sound properties by explicitly decomposing and factorizing the latent space of the disentangled model. We further show that the spatial uncertainty map can significantly improve the success rate for the localization of fallen objects by proposing multiple plausible exploration locations.

Speech dereverberation constrained on room impulse response characteristics

Single-channel speech dereverberation aims at extracting a dry speech signal from a recording affected by the acoustic reflections in a room. However, most current deep learning-based approaches for speech dereverberation are not interpretable for room acoustics, and can be considered as black-box systems in that regard. In this work, we address this problem by regularizing the training loss using a novel physical coherence loss which encourages the room impulse response (RIR) induced by the dereverberated output of the model to match the acoustic properties of the room in which the signal was recorded. Our investigation demonstrates the preservation of the original dereverberated signal alongside the provision of a more physically coherent RIR.

Sound Event Bounding Boxes

Sound event detection is the task of recognizing sounds and determining their extent (onset/offset times) within an audio clip. Existing systems commonly predict sound presence confidence in short time frames. Then, thresholding produces binary frame-level presence decisions, with the extent of individual events determined by merging consecutive positive frames. In this paper, we show that frame-level thresholding degrades the prediction of the event extent by coupling it with the system's sound presence confidence. We propose to decouple the prediction of event extent and confidence by introducing SEBBs, which format each sound event prediction as a tuple of a class type, extent, and overall confidence. We also propose a change-detection-based algorithm to convert legacy frame-level outputs into SEBBs. We find the algorithm significantly improves the performance of DCASE 2023 Challenge systems, boosting the state of the art from .644 to .686 PSDS1.

SMITIN: Self-Monitored Inference-Time INtervention for Generative Music Transformers

We introduce Self-Monitored Inference-Time INtervention (SMITIN), an approach for controlling an autoregressive generative music transformer using classifier probes. These simple logistic regression probes are trained on the output of each attention head in the transformer using a small dataset of audio examples both exhibiting and missing a specific musical trait (e.g., the presence/absence of drums, or real/synthetic music). We then steer the attention heads in the probe direction, ensuring the generative model output captures the desired musical trait. Additionally, we monitor the probe output to avoid adding an excessive amount of intervention into the autoregressive generation, which could lead to temporally incoherent music. We validate our results objectively and subjectively for both audio continuation and text-to-music applications, demonstrating the ability to add controls to large generative models for which retraining or even fine-tuning is impractical for most musicians. Audio samples of the proposed intervention approach are available on our demo page http://tinyurl.com/smitin .

Why does music source separation benefit from cacophony?

In music source separation, a standard training data augmentation procedure is to create new training samples by randomly combining instrument stems from different songs. These random mixes have mismatched characteristics compared to real music, e.g., the different stems do not have consistent beat or tonality, resulting in a cacophony. In this work, we investigate why random mixing is effective when training a state-of-the-art music source separation model in spite of the apparent distribution shift it creates. Additionally, we examine why performance levels off despite potentially limitless combinations, and examine the sensitivity of music source separation performance to differences in beat and tonality of the instrumental sources in a mixture.

NIIRF: Neural IIR Filter Field for HRTF Upsampling and Personalization

Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) are important for immersive audio, and their spatial interpolation has been studied to upsample finite measurements. Recently, neural fields (NFs) which map from sound source direction to HRTF have gained attention. Existing NF-based methods focused on estimating the magnitude of the HRTF from a given sound source direction, and the magnitude is converted to a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. We propose the neural infinite impulse response filter field (NIIRF) method that instead estimates the coefficients of cascaded IIR filters. IIR filters mimic the modal nature of HRTFs, thus needing fewer coefficients to approximate them well compared to FIR filters. We find that our method can match the performance of existing NF-based methods on multiple datasets, even outperforming them when measurements are sparse. We also explore approaches to personalize the NF to a subject and experimentally find low-rank adaptation to be effective.

GLA-Grad: A Griffin-Lim Extended Waveform Generation Diffusion Model

Diffusion models are receiving a growing interest for a variety of signal generation tasks such as speech or music synthesis. WaveGrad, for example, is a successful diffusion model that conditionally uses the mel spectrogram to guide a diffusion process for the generation of high-fidelity audio. However, such models face important challenges concerning the noise diffusion process for training and inference, and they have difficulty generating high-quality speech for speakers that were not seen during training. With the aim of minimizing the conditioning error and increasing the efficiency of the noise diffusion process, we propose in this paper a new scheme called GLA-Grad, which consists in introducing a phase recovery algorithm such as the Griffin-Lim algorithm (GLA) at each step of the regular diffusion process. Furthermore, it can be directly applied to an already-trained waveform generation model, without additional training or fine-tuning. We show that our algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art diffusion models for speech generation, especially when generating speech for a previously unseen target speaker.