C-LLM: Learn to Check Chinese Spelling Errors Character by Character

Chinese Spell Checking (CSC) aims to detect and correct spelling errors in sentences. Despite Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit robust capabilities and are widely applied in various tasks, their performance on CSC is often unsatisfactory. We find that LLMs fail to meet the Chinese character-level constraints of the CSC task, namely equal length and phonetic similarity, leading to a performance bottleneck. Further analysis reveal that this issue stems from the granularity of tokenization, as current mixed character-word tokenization struggles to satisfy these character-level constraints. To address this issue, we propose C-LLM, a Large Language Model-based Chinese Spell Checking method that learns to check errors Character by Character. Character-level tokenization enables the model to learn character-level alignment, effectively mitigating issues related to character-level constraints. Furthermore, CSC is simplified to replication-dominated and substitution-supplemented tasks. Experiments on two CSC benchmarks demonstrate that C-LLM achieves an average improvement of 10% over existing methods. Specifically, it shows a 2.1% improvement in general scenarios and a significant 12% improvement in vertical domain scenarios, establishing state-of-the-art performance. The source code can be accessed at https://github.com/ktlKTL/C-LLM.

Domain-Specific Improvement on Psychotherapy Chatbot Using Assistant

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive generalization capabilities on specific tasks with human-written instruction data. However, the limited quantity, diversity, and professional expertise of such instruction data raise concerns about the performance of LLMs in psychotherapy tasks when provided with domain-specific instructions. To address this, we firstly propose Domain-Specific Assistant Instructions based on AlexanderStreet therapy, and secondly, we use an adaption fine-tuning method and retrieval augmented generation method to improve pre-trained LLMs. Through quantitative evaluation of linguistic quality using automatic and human evaluation, we observe that pre-trained LLMs on Psychotherapy Assistant Instructions outperform state-of-the-art LLMs response baselines. Our Assistant-Instruction approach offers a half-annotation method to align pre-trained LLMs with instructions and provide pre-trained LLMs with more psychotherapy knowledge.

Quantized Embedding Vectors for Controllable Diffusion Language Models

Improving the controllability, portability, and inference speed of diffusion language models (DLMs) is a key challenge in natural language generation. While recent research has shown significant success in complex text generation with language models, the memory and computational power are still very demanding and fall short of expectations, which naturally results in low portability and instability for the models. To mitigate these issues, numerous well-established methods were proposed for neural network quantization. To further enhance their portability of independent deployment as well as improve their stability evaluated by language perplexity, we propose a novel approach called the Quantized Embedding Controllable Diffusion Language Model (QE-CDLM). QE-CDLM builds upon the recent successful controllable DLMs by remodeling the task-specific embedding space via quantization. This leads to a gradient-based controller for the generation tasks, and more stable intermediate latent variables are obtained, which naturally brings in an accelerated convergence as well as better controllability. Additionally, the adaption fine-tuning method is employed to reduce tunable weights. Experimental results on five challenging fine-grained control tasks demonstrate that QE-CDLM compares favorably to existing methods in terms of quality and feasibility, achieving better perplexity and lightweight fine-tuning.

Eval-GCSC: A New Metric for Evaluating ChatGPT's Performance in Chinese Spelling Correction

ChatGPT has demonstrated impressive performance in various downstream tasks. However, in the Chinese Spelling Correction (CSC) task, we observe a discrepancy: while ChatGPT performs well under human evaluation, it scores poorly according to traditional metrics. We believe this inconsistency arises because the traditional metrics are not well-suited for evaluating generative models. Their overly strict length and phonics constraints may lead to underestimating ChatGPT's correction capabilities. To better evaluate generative models in the CSC task, this paper proposes a new evaluation metric: Eval-GCSC. By incorporating word-level and semantic similarity judgments, it relaxes the stringent length and phonics constraints. Experimental results show that Eval-GCSC closely aligns with human evaluations. Under this metric, ChatGPT's performance is comparable to traditional token-level classification models (TCM), demonstrating its potential as a CSC tool. The source code and scripts can be accessed at https://github.com/ktlKTL/Eval-GCSC.

CSCD-IME: Correcting Spelling Errors Generated by Pinyin IME

Chinese Spelling Correction (CSC) is a task to detect and correct spelling mistakes in texts. In fact, most of Chinese input is based on pinyin input method, so the study of spelling errors in this process is more practical and valuable. However, there is still no research dedicated to this essential scenario. In this paper, we first present a Chinese Spelling Correction Dataset for errors generated by pinyin IME (CSCD-IME), including 40,000 annotated sentences from real posts of official media on Sina Weibo. Furthermore, we propose a novel method to automatically construct large-scale and high-quality pseudo data by simulating the input through pinyin IME. A series of analyses and experiments on CSCD-IME show that spelling errors produced by pinyin IME hold a particular distribution at pinyin level and semantic level and are challenging enough. Meanwhile, our proposed pseudo-data construction method can better fit this error distribution and improve the performance of CSC systems. Finally, we provide a useful guide to using pseudo data, including the data scale, the data source, and the training strategy.

giMLPs: Gate with Inhibition Mechanism in MLPs

This paper presents a new model architecture, gate with inhibition MLP (giMLP).The gate with inhibition on CycleMLP (gi-CycleMLP) can produce equal performance on the ImageNet classification task, and it also improves the BERT, Roberta, and DeBERTaV3 models depending on two novel techniques. The first is the gating MLP, where matrix multiplications between the MLP and the trunk Attention input in further adjust models' adaptation. The second is inhibition which inhibits or enhances the branch adjustment, and with the inhibition levels increasing, it offers models more muscular features restriction. We show that the giCycleMLP with a lower inhibition level can be competitive with the original CycleMLP in terms of ImageNet classification accuracy. In addition, we also show through a comprehensive empirical study that these techniques significantly improve the performance of fine-tuning NLU downstream tasks. As for the gate with inhibition MLPs on DeBERTa (giDeBERTa) fine-tuning, we find it can achieve appealing results on most parts of NLU tasks without any extra pretraining again. We also find that with the use of Gate With Inhibition, the activation function should have a short and smooth negative tail, with which the unimportant features or the features that hurt models can be moderately inhibited. The experiments on ImageNet and twelve language downstream tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of Gate With Inhibition, both for image classification and for enhancing the capacity of nature language fine-tuning without any extra pretraining.

Dynamic optical contrast imaging for real-time delineation of tumor resection margins using head and neck cancer as a model

Complete surgical resection of the tumor for Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains challenging, given the devastating side effects of aggressive surgery and the anatomic proximity to vital structures. To address the clinical challenges, we introduce a wide-field, label-free imaging tool that can assist surgeons delineate tumor margins real-time. We assume that autofluorescence lifetime is a natural indicator of the health level of tissues, and ratio-metric measurement of the emission-decay state to the emission-peak state of excited fluorophores will enable rapid lifetime mapping of tissues. Here, we describe the principle, instrumentation, characterization of the imager and the intraoperative imaging of resected tissues from 13 patients undergoing head and neck cancer resection. 20 x 20 mm2 imaging takes 2 second/frame with a working distance of 50 mm, and characterization shows that the spatial resolution reached 70 {\mu}m and the least distinguishable fluorescence lifetime difference is 0.14 ns. Tissue imaging and Hematoxylin-Eosin stain slides comparison reveals its capability of delineating cancerous boundaries with submillimeter accuracy and a sensitivity of 91.86% and specificity of 84.38%.

Morphological feature visualization of Alzheimer's disease via Multidirectional Perception GAN

The diagnosis of early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is essential for timely treatment to slow further deterioration. Visualizing the morphological features for the early stages of AD is of great clinical value. In this work, a novel Multidirectional Perception Generative Adversarial Network (MP-GAN) is proposed to visualize the morphological features indicating the severity of AD for patients of different stages. Specifically, by introducing a novel multidirectional mapping mechanism into the model, the proposed MP-GAN can capture the salient global features efficiently. Thus, by utilizing the class-discriminative map from the generator, the proposed model can clearly delineate the subtle lesions via MR image transformations between the source domain and the pre-defined target domain. Besides, by integrating the adversarial loss, classification loss, cycle consistency loss and \emph{L}1 penalty, a single generator in MP-GAN can learn the class-discriminative maps for multiple-classes. Extensive experimental results on Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset demonstrate that MP-GAN achieves superior performance compared with the existing methods. The lesions visualized by MP-GAN are also consistent with what clinicians observe.

Multi-task Learning for Low-resource Second Language Acquisition Modeling

Second language acquisition (SLA) modeling is to predict whether second language learners could correctly answer the questions according to what they have learned. It is a fundamental building block of the personalized learning system and has attracted more and more attention recently. However, as far as we know, almost all existing methods cannot work well in low-resource scenarios because lacking of training data. Fortunately, there are some latent common patterns among different language-learning tasks, which gives us an opportunity to solve the low-resource SLA modeling problem. Inspired by this idea, in this paper, we propose a novel SLA modeling method, which learns the latent common patterns among different language-learning datasets by multi-task learning and are further applied to improving the prediction performance in low-resource scenarios. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method performs much better than the state-of-the-art baselines in the low-resource scenario. Meanwhile, it also obtains improvement slightly in the non-low-resource scenario.

Principal Model Analysis Based on Partial Least Squares

Motivated by the Bagging Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithms, we propose a Principal Model Analysis (PMA) method in this paper. In the proposed PMA algorithm, the PCA and the PLS are combined. In the method, multiple PLS models are trained on sub-training sets, derived from the original training set based on the random sampling with replacement method. The regression coefficients of all the sub-PLS models are fused in a joint regression coefficient matrix. The final projection direction is then estimated by performing the PCA on the joint regression coefficient matrix. The proposed PMA method is compared with other traditional dimension reduction methods, such as PLS, Bagging PLS, Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and PLS-LDA. Experimental results on six public datasets show that our proposed method can achieve better classification performance and is usually more stable.