MoE-LPR: Multilingual Extension of Large Language Models through Mixture-of-Experts with Language Priors Routing

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often English-centric due to the disproportionate distribution of languages in their pre-training data. Enhancing non-English language capabilities through post-pretraining often results in catastrophic forgetting of the ability of original languages. Previous methods either achieve good expansion with severe forgetting or slight forgetting with poor expansion, indicating the challenge of balancing language expansion while preventing forgetting. In this paper, we propose a method called MoE-LPR (Mixture-of-Experts with Language Priors Routing) to alleviate this problem. MoE-LPR employs a two-stage training approach to enhance the multilingual capability. First, the model is post-pretrained into a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture by upcycling, where all the original parameters are frozen and new experts are added. In this stage, we focus improving the ability on expanded languages, without using any original language data. Then, the model reviews the knowledge of the original languages with replay data amounting to less than 1% of post-pretraining, where we incorporate language priors routing to better recover the abilities of the original languages. Evaluations on multiple benchmarks show that MoE-LPR outperforms other post-pretraining methods. Freezing original parameters preserves original language knowledge while adding new experts preserves the learning ability. Reviewing with LPR enables effective utilization of multilingual knowledge within the parameters. Additionally, the MoE architecture maintains the same inference overhead while increasing total model parameters. Extensive experiments demonstrate MoE-LPR's effectiveness in improving expanded languages and preserving original language proficiency with superior scalability. Code and scripts are freely available at https://github.com/zjwang21/MoE-LPR.git.

Large Language Models Are Cross-Lingual Knowledge-Free Reasoners

Large Language Models have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities across multiple languages. However, the relationship between capabilities in different languages is less explored. In this work, we decompose the process of reasoning tasks into two separated parts: knowledge retrieval and knowledge-free reasoning, and analyze the cross-lingual transferability of them. With adapted and constructed knowledge-free reasoning datasets, we show that the knowledge-free reasoning capability can be nearly perfectly transferred across various source-target language directions despite the secondary impact of resource in some specific target languages, while cross-lingual knowledge retrieval significantly hinders the transfer. Moreover, by analyzing the hidden states and feed-forward network neuron activation during the reasoning tasks, we show that higher similarity of hidden representations and larger overlap of activated neurons could explain the better cross-lingual transferability of knowledge-free reasoning than knowledge retrieval. Thus, we hypothesize that knowledge-free reasoning embeds in some language-shared mechanism, while knowledge is stored separately in different languages.

Large Language Models are Good Spontaneous Multilingual Learners: Is the Multilingual Annotated Data Necessary?

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive language capabilities. However, most of the existing LLMs are all English-centric, which have very unstable and unbalanced performance across different languages. Multilingual alignment is an effective method to enhance the LLMs' multilingual capabilities. In this work, we explore the multilingual alignment paradigm which utilizes translation data and comprehensively investigate the spontaneous multilingual improvement of LLMs. We find that LLMs only instruction-tuned on question translation data without annotated answers are able to get significant multilingual performance enhancement even across a wide range of languages unseen during instruction-tuning. Additionally, we utilize different settings and mechanistic interpretability methods to comprehensively analyze the LLM's performance in the multilingual scenario.

Real-time Neuron Segmentation for Voltage Imaging

In voltage imaging, where the membrane potentials of individual neurons are recorded at from hundreds to thousand frames per second using fluorescence microscopy, data processing presents a challenge. Even a fraction of a minute of recording with a limited image size yields gigabytes of video data consisting of tens of thousands of frames, which can be time-consuming to process. Moreover, millisecond-level short exposures lead to noisy video frames, obscuring neuron footprints especially in deep-brain samples where noisy signals are buried in background fluorescence. To address this challenge, we propose a fast neuron segmentation method able to detect multiple, potentially overlapping, spiking neurons from noisy video frames, and implement a data processing pipeline incorporating the proposed segmentation method along with GPU-accelerated motion correction. By testing on existing datasets as well as on new datasets we introduce, we show that our pipeline extracts neuron footprints that agree well with human annotation even from cluttered datasets, and demonstrate real-time processing of voltage imaging data on a single desktop computer for the first time.

High-Accuracy Prediction of Metal-Insulator-Metal Metasurface with Deep Learning

Deep learning prediction of electromagnetic software calculation results has been a widely discussed issue in recent years. But the prediction accuracy was still one of the challenges to be solved. In this work, we proposed that the ResNets-10 model was used for predicting plasmonic metasurface S11 parameters. The two-stage training was performed by the k-fold cross-validation and small learning rate. After the training was completed, the prediction loss for aluminum, gold, and silver metal-insulator-metal metasurfaces was -48.45, -46.47, and -35.54, respectively. Due to the ultralow error value, the proposed network can replace the traditional electromagnetic computing method for calculation within a certain structural range. Besides, this network can finish the training process less than 1,100 epochs. This means that the network training process can effectively lower the design process time. The ResNets-10 model we proposed can also be used to design meta-diffractive devices and biosensors, thereby reducing the time required for the calculation process. The ultralow error of the network indicates that this work contributes to the development of future artificial intelligence electromagnetic computing software.

ESCL: Equivariant Self-Contrastive Learning for Sentence Representations

Previous contrastive learning methods for sentence representations often focus on insensitive transformations to produce positive pairs, but neglect the role of sensitive transformations that are harmful to semantic representations. Therefore, we propose an Equivariant Self-Contrastive Learning (ESCL) method to make full use of sensitive transformations, which encourages the learned representations to be sensitive to certain types of transformations with an additional equivariant learning task. Meanwhile, in order to improve practicability and generality, ESCL simplifies the implementations of traditional equivariant contrastive methods to share model parameters from the perspective of multi-task learning. We evaluate our ESCL on semantic textual similarity tasks. The proposed method achieves better results while using fewer learning parameters compared to previous methods.

AI Based Digital Twin Model for Cattle Caring

In this paper, we developed innovative digital twins of cattle status that are powered by artificial intelligence (AI). The work was built on a farm IoT system that remotely monitors and tracks the state of cattle. A digital twin model of cattle health based on Deep Learning (DL) was generated using the sensor data acquired from the farm IoT system. The health and physiological cycle of cattle can be monitored in real time, and the state of the next physiological cycle of cattle can be anticipated using this model. The basis of this work is the vast amount of data which is required to validate the legitimacy of the digital twins model. In terms of behavioural state, it was found that the cattle treated with a combination of topical anaesthetic and meloxicam exhibits the least pain reaction. The digital twins model developed in this work can be used to monitor the health of cattle

Automatic Business Process Structure Discovery using Ordered Neurons LSTM: A Preliminary Study

Automatic process discovery from textual process documentations is highly desirable to reduce time and cost of Business Process Management (BPM) implementation in organizations. However, existing automatic process discovery approaches mainly focus on identifying activities out of the documentations. Deriving the structural relationships between activities, which is important in the whole process discovery scope, is still a challenge. In fact, a business process has latent semantic hierarchical structure which defines different levels of detail to reflect the complex business logic. Recent findings in neural machine learning area show that the meaningful linguistic structure can be induced by joint language modeling and structure learning. Inspired by these findings, we propose to retrieve the latent hierarchical structure present in the textual business process documents by building a neural network that leverages a novel recurrent architecture, Ordered Neurons LSTM (ON-LSTM), with process-level language model objective. We tested the proposed approach on data set of Process Description Documents (PDD) from our practical Robotic Process Automation (RPA) projects. Preliminary experiments showed promising results.