Position: Untrained Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection

Anomaly detection based on 3D point cloud data is an important research problem and receives more and more attention recently. Untrained anomaly detection based on only one sample is an emerging research problem motivated by real manufacturing industries such as personalized manufacturing that only one sample can be collected without any additional labels. How to accurately identify anomalies based on one 3D point cloud sample is a critical challenge in both industrial applications and the field of machine learning. This paper aims to provide a formal definition of untrained anomaly detection problem based on 3D point cloud data, discuss the differences between untrained anomaly detection and current unsupervised anomaly detection methods. Unlike unsupervised learning, untrained methods do not rely on any data, including unlabeled data. Instead, they leverage prior knowledge about the manufacturing surfaces and anomalies. Examples are used to illustrate these prior knowledge and untrained machine learning model. Afterwards, literature review on untrained anomaly detection based on 3D point cloud data is also provided, and the potential of untrained deep neural networks for anomaly detection is also discussed as outlooks.

Overcoming Class Imbalance: Unified GNN Learning with Structural and Semantic Connectivity Representations

Class imbalance is pervasive in real-world graph datasets, where the majority of annotated nodes belong to a small set of classes (majority classes), leaving many other classes (minority classes) with only a handful of labeled nodes. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) suffer from significant performance degradation in the presence of class imbalance, exhibiting bias towards majority classes and struggling to generalize effectively on minority classes. This limitation stems, in part, from the message passing process, leading GNNs to overfit to the limited neighborhood of annotated nodes from minority classes and impeding the propagation of discriminative information throughout the entire graph. In this paper, we introduce a novel Unified Graph Neural Network Learning (Uni-GNN) framework to tackle class-imbalanced node classification. The proposed framework seamlessly integrates both structural and semantic connectivity representations through semantic and structural node encoders. By combining these connectivity types, Uni-GNN extends the propagation of node embeddings beyond immediate neighbors, encompassing non-adjacent structural nodes and semantically similar nodes, enabling efficient diffusion of discriminative information throughout the graph. Moreover, to harness the potential of unlabeled nodes within the graph, we employ a balanced pseudo-label generation mechanism that augments the pool of available labeled nodes from minority classes in the training set. Experimental results underscore the superior performance of our proposed Uni-GNN framework compared to state-of-the-art class-imbalanced graph learning baselines across multiple benchmark datasets.

A Low-Cost Monopulse Receiver with Enhanced Estimation Accuracy Via Deep Neural Network

In this paper, a low-cost monopulse receiver with an enhanced direction of arrival (DoA) estimation accuracy via deep neural network (DNN) is proposed. The entire system is composed of a 4-element patch array, a fully planar symmetrical monopulse comparator network, and a down conversion link. Unlike the conventional design topology, the proposed monopulse comparator network is configured by four novel port-transformation rat-race couplers. In specific, the proposed coupler is designed to symmetrically allocate the sum ({\Sigma}) / delta ({\Delta}) ports with input ports, where a 360{\deg} phase delay crossover is designed to transform the unsymmetrical ports in the conventional rat-race coupler. This new rat-race coupler resolves the issues in conventional monopulse receiver comparator network design using multilayer and expensive fabrication technology. To verify the design theory, a prototype of the proposed planar monopulse comparator network operating at 2 GHz is designed, simulated, and measured. In addition, the monopulse radiation patterns and direction of arrival are also decently evaluated. To further boost the accuracy of angular information, a deep neural network is introduced to map the misaligned target angular positions in the measurement to the actual physical location under detection.

When Graph meets Multimodal: Benchmarking on Multimodal Attributed Graphs Learning

Multimodal attributed graphs (MAGs) are prevalent in various real-world scenarios and generally contain two kinds of knowledge: (a) Attribute knowledge is mainly supported by the attributes of different modalities contained in nodes (entities) themselves, such as texts and images. (b) Topology knowledge, on the other hand, is provided by the complex interactions posed between nodes. The cornerstone of MAG representation learning lies in the seamless integration of multimodal attributes and topology. Recent advancements in Pre-trained Language/Vision models (PLMs/PVMs) and Graph neural networks (GNNs) have facilitated effective learning on MAGs, garnering increased research interest. However, the absence of meaningful benchmark datasets and standardized evaluation procedures for MAG representation learning has impeded progress in this field. In this paper, we propose Multimodal Attribute Graph Benchmark (MAGB)}, a comprehensive and diverse collection of challenging benchmark datasets for MAGs. The MAGB datasets are notably large in scale and encompass a wide range of domains, spanning from e-commerce networks to social networks. In addition to the brand-new datasets, we conduct extensive benchmark experiments over MAGB with various learning paradigms, ranging from GNN-based and PLM-based methods, to explore the necessity and feasibility of integrating multimodal attributes and graph topology. In a nutshell, we provide an overview of the MAG datasets, standardized evaluation procedures, and present baseline experiments. The entire MAGB project is publicly accessible at https://github.com/sktsherlock/ATG.

PDF-WuKong: A Large Multimodal Model for Efficient Long PDF Reading with End-to-End Sparse Sampling

Document understanding is a challenging task to process and comprehend large amounts of textual and visual information. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved the performance of this task. However, existing methods typically focus on either plain text or a limited number of document images, struggling to handle long PDF documents with interleaved text and images, especially in academic papers. In this paper, we introduce PDF-WuKong, a multimodal large language model (MLLM) which is designed to enhance multimodal question-answering (QA) for long PDF documents. PDF-WuKong incorporates a sparse sampler that operates on both text and image representations, significantly improving the efficiency and capability of the MLLM. The sparse sampler is integrated with the MLLM's image encoder and selects the paragraphs or diagrams most pertinent to user queries for processing by the language model. To effectively train and evaluate our model, we construct PaperPDF, a dataset consisting of a broad collection of academic papers sourced from arXiv, multiple strategies are proposed to generate automatically 1M QA pairs along with their corresponding evidence sources. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority and high efficiency of our approach over other models on the task of long multimodal PDF understanding, surpassing proprietary products by an average of 8.6% on F1. Our code and dataset will be released at https://github.com/yh-hust/PDF-Wukong.

Unleash LLMs Potential for Recommendation by Coordinating Twin-Tower Dynamic Semantic Token Generator

Owing to the unprecedented capability in semantic understanding and logical reasoning, the pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have shown fantastic potential in developing the next-generation recommender systems (RSs). However, the static index paradigm adopted by current methods greatly restricts the utilization of LLMs capacity for recommendation, leading to not only the insufficient alignment between semantic and collaborative knowledge, but also the neglect of high-order user-item interaction patterns. In this paper, we propose Twin-Tower Dynamic Semantic Recommender (TTDS), the first generative RS which adopts dynamic semantic index paradigm, targeting at resolving the above problems simultaneously. To be more specific, we for the first time contrive a dynamic knowledge fusion framework which integrates a twin-tower semantic token generator into the LLM-based recommender, hierarchically allocating meaningful semantic index for items and users, and accordingly predicting the semantic index of target item. Furthermore, a dual-modality variational auto-encoder is proposed to facilitate multi-grained alignment between semantic and collaborative knowledge. Eventually, a series of novel tuning tasks specially customized for capturing high-order user-item interaction patterns are proposed to take advantages of user historical behavior. Extensive experiments across three public datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed methodology in developing LLM-based generative RSs. The proposed TTDS recommender achieves an average improvement of 19.41% in Hit-Rate and 20.84% in NDCG metric, compared with the leading baseline methods.

Research on Autonomous Driving Decision-making Strategies based Deep Reinforcement Learning

The behavior decision-making subsystem is a key component of the autonomous driving system, which reflects the decision-making ability of the vehicle and the driver, and is an important symbol of the high-level intelligence of the vehicle. However, the existing rule-based decision-making schemes are limited by the prior knowledge of designers, and it is difficult to cope with complex and changeable traffic scenarios. In this work, an advanced deep reinforcement learning model is adopted, which can autonomously learn and optimize driving strategies in a complex and changeable traffic environment by modeling the driving decision-making process as a reinforcement learning problem. Specifically, we used Deep Q-Network (DQN) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) for comparative experiments. DQN guides the agent to choose the best action by approximating the state-action value function, while PPO improves the decision-making quality by optimizing the policy function. We also introduce improvements in the design of the reward function to promote the robustness and adaptability of the model in real-world driving situations. Experimental results show that the decision-making strategy based on deep reinforcement learning has better performance than the traditional rule-based method in a variety of driving tasks.

Research on Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction Mechanism based on Convolutional Neural Network

Super-resolution reconstruction techniques entail the utilization of software algorithms to transform one or more sets of low-resolution images captured from the same scene into high-resolution images. In recent years, considerable advancement has been observed in the domain of single-image super-resolution algorithms, particularly those based on deep learning techniques. Nevertheless, the extraction of image features and nonlinear mapping methods in the reconstruction process remain challenging for existing algorithms. These issues result in the network architecture being unable to effectively utilize the diverse range of information at different levels. The loss of high-frequency details is significant, and the final reconstructed image features are overly smooth, with a lack of fine texture details. This negatively impacts the subjective visual quality of the image. The objective is to recover high-quality, high-resolution images from low-resolution images. In this work, an enhanced deep convolutional neural network model is employed, comprising multiple convolutional layers, each of which is configured with specific filters and activation functions to effectively capture the diverse features of the image. Furthermore, a residual learning strategy is employed to accelerate training and enhance the convergence of the network, while sub-pixel convolutional layers are utilized to refine the high-frequency details and textures of the image. The experimental analysis demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed model on multiple public datasets when compared with the traditional bicubic interpolation method and several other learning-based super-resolution methods. Furthermore, it proves the model's efficacy in maintaining image edges and textures.

Advancing Prompt Recovery in NLP: A Deep Dive into the Integration of Gemma-2b-it and Phi2 Models

Prompt recovery, a crucial task in natural language processing, entails the reconstruction of prompts or instructions that language models use to convert input text into a specific output. Although pivotal, the design and effectiveness of prompts represent a challenging and relatively untapped field within NLP research. This paper delves into an exhaustive investigation of prompt recovery methodologies, employing a spectrum of pre-trained language models and strategies. Our study is a comparative analysis aimed at gauging the efficacy of various models on a benchmark dataset, with the goal of pinpointing the most proficient approach for prompt recovery. Through meticulous experimentation and detailed analysis, we elucidate the outstanding performance of the Gemma-2b-it + Phi2 model + Pretrain. This model surpasses its counterparts, showcasing its exceptional capability in accurately reconstructing prompts for text transformation tasks. Our findings offer a significant contribution to the existing knowledge on prompt recovery, shedding light on the intricacies of prompt design and offering insightful perspectives for future innovations in text rewriting and the broader field of natural language processing.

Research on Autonomous Robots Navigation based on Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning continuously optimizes decision-making based on real-time feedback reward signals through continuous interaction with the environment, demonstrating strong adaptive and self-learning capabilities. In recent years, it has become one of the key methods to achieve autonomous navigation of robots. In this work, an autonomous robot navigation method based on reinforcement learning is introduced. We use the Deep Q Network (DQN) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) models to optimize the path planning and decision-making process through the continuous interaction between the robot and the environment, and the reward signals with real-time feedback. By combining the Q-value function with the deep neural network, deep Q network can handle high-dimensional state space, so as to realize path planning in complex environments. Proximal policy optimization is a strategy gradient-based method, which enables robots to explore and utilize environmental information more efficiently by optimizing policy functions. These methods not only improve the robot's navigation ability in the unknown environment, but also enhance its adaptive and self-learning capabilities. Through multiple training and simulation experiments, we have verified the effectiveness and robustness of these models in various complex scenarios.