An Experimental Multi-Band Channel Characterization in the Upper Mid-Band

The following paper provides a multi-band channel measurement analysis on the frequency range (FR)3. This study focuses on the FR3 low frequencies 6.5 GHz and 8.75 GHz with a setup tailored to the context of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), where the data are collected with and without the presence of a target. A method based on multiple signal classification (MUSIC) is used to refine the delays of the channel impulse response estimates. The results reveal that the channel at the lower frequency 6.5 GHz has additional distinguishable multipath components in the presence of the target, while the one associated with the higher frequency 8.75 GHz has more blockage. The set of results reported in this paper serves as a benchmark for future multi-band studies in the FR3 spectrum.

Channel Modeling for FR3 Upper Mid-band via Generative Adversarial Networks

The upper mid-band (FR3) has been recently attracting interest for new generation of mobile networks, as it provides a promising balance between spectrum availability and coverage, which are inherent limitations of the sub 6GHz and millimeter wave bands, respectively. In order to efficiently design and optimize the network, channel modeling plays a key role since FR3 systems are expected to operate at multiple frequency bands. Data-driven methods, especially generative adversarial networks (GANs), can capture the intricate relationships among data samples, and provide an appropriate tool for FR3 channel modeling. In this work, we present the architecture, link state model, and path generative network of GAN-based FR3 channel modeling. The comparison of our model greatly matches the ray-tracing simulated data.

Spatially Consistent Air-to-Ground Channel Modeling via Generative Neural Networks

This article proposes a generative neural network architecture for spatially consistent air-to-ground channel modeling. The approach considers the trajectories of uncrewed aerial vehicles along typical urban paths, capturing spatial dependencies within received signal strength (RSS) sequences from multiple cellular base stations (gNBs). Through the incorporation of conditioning data, the model accurately discriminates between gNBs and drives the correlation matrix distance between real and generated sequences to minimal values. This enables evaluating performance and mobility management metrics with spatially (and by extension temporally) consistent RSS values, rather than independent snapshots. For some tasks underpinned by these metrics, say handovers, consistency is essential.

Estimation of embedding vectors in high dimensions

Embeddings are a basic initial feature extraction step in many machine learning models, particularly in natural language processing. An embedding attempts to map data tokens to a low-dimensional space where similar tokens are mapped to vectors that are close to one another by some metric in the embedding space. A basic question is how well can such embedding be learned? To study this problem, we consider a simple probability model for discrete data where there is some "true" but unknown embedding where the correlation of random variables is related to the similarity of the embeddings. Under this model, it is shown that the embeddings can be learned by a variant of low-rank approximate message passing (AMP) method. The AMP approach enables precise predictions of the accuracy of the estimation in certain high-dimensional limits. In particular, the methodology provides insight on the relations of key parameters such as the number of samples per value, the frequency of the terms, and the strength of the embedding correlation on the probability distribution. Our theoretical findings are validated by simulations on both synthetic data and real text data.

VisPercep: A Vision-Language Approach to Enhance Visual Perception for People with Blindness and Low Vision

People with blindness and low vision (pBLV) encounter substantial challenges when it comes to comprehensive scene recognition and precise object identification in unfamiliar environments. Additionally, due to the vision loss, pBLV have difficulty in accessing and identifying potential tripping hazards on their own. In this paper, we present a pioneering approach that leverages a large vision-language model to enhance visual perception for pBLV, offering detailed and comprehensive descriptions of the surrounding environments and providing warnings about the potential risks. Our method begins by leveraging a large image tagging model (i.e., Recognize Anything (RAM)) to identify all common objects present in the captured images. The recognition results and user query are then integrated into a prompt, tailored specifically for pBLV using prompt engineering. By combining the prompt and input image, a large vision-language model (i.e., InstructBLIP) generates detailed and comprehensive descriptions of the environment and identifies potential risks in the environment by analyzing the environmental objects and scenes, relevant to the prompt. We evaluate our approach through experiments conducted on both indoor and outdoor datasets. Our results demonstrate that our method is able to recognize objects accurately and provide insightful descriptions and analysis of the environment for pBLV.

Spectral vs Energy Efficiency in 6G: Impact of the Receiver Front-End

This article puts the spotlight on the receiver front-end (RFE), an integral part of any wireless device that information theory typically idealizes into a mere addition of noise. While this idealization was sound in the past, as operating frequencies, bandwidths, and antenna counts rise, a soaring amount of power is required for the RFE to behave accordingly. Containing this surge in power expenditure exposes a harsher behavior on the part of the RFE (more noise, nonlinearities, and coarse quantization), setting up a tradeoff between the spectral efficiency under such nonidealities and the efficiency in the use of energy by the RFE. With the urge for radically better power consumptions and energy efficiencies in 6G, this emerges as an issue on which information theory can cast light at a fundamental level. More broadly, this article advocates the interest of having information theory embrace the device power consumption in its analyses. In turn, this calls for new models and abstractions such as the ones herein put together for the RFE, and for a more holistic perspective.

An Experimental Prototype for Multistatic Asynchronous ISAC

We prototype and validate a multistatic mmWave ISAC system based on IEEE802.11ay. Compensation of the clock asynchrony between each TX and RX pair is performed using the sole LoS wireless signal propagation. As a result, our system provides concurrent target tracking and micro-Doppler estimation from multiple points of view, paving the way for practical multistatic data fusion. Our results on human movement sensing, complemented with precise, quantitative GT data, demonstrate the enhanced sensing capabilities of multistatic ISAC, due to the spatial diversity of the receiver nodes.

ViT-MDHGR: Cross-day Reliability and Agility in Dynamic Hand Gesture Prediction via HD-sEMG Signal Decoding

Surface electromyography (sEMG) and high-density sEMG (HD-sEMG) biosignals have been extensively investigated for myoelectric control of prosthetic devices, neurorobotics, and more recently human-computer interfaces because of their capability for hand gesture recognition/prediction in a wearable and non-invasive manner. High intraday (same-day) performance has been reported. However, the interday performance (separating training and testing days) is substantially degraded due to the poor generalizability of conventional approaches over time, hindering the application of such techniques in real-life practices. There are limited recent studies on the feasibility of multi-day hand gesture recognition. The existing studies face a major challenge: the need for long sEMG epochs makes the corresponding neural interfaces impractical due to the induced delay in myoelectric control. This paper proposes a compact ViT-based network for multi-day dynamic hand gesture prediction. We tackle the main challenge as the proposed model only relies on very short HD-sEMG signal windows (i.e., 50 ms, accounting for only one-sixth of the convention for real-time myoelectric implementation), boosting agility and responsiveness. Our proposed model can predict 11 dynamic gestures for 20 subjects with an average accuracy of over 71% on the testing day, 3-25 days after training. Moreover, when calibrated on just a small portion of data from the testing day, the proposed model can achieve over 92% accuracy by retraining less than 10% of the parameters for computational efficiency.

Cellular Wireless Networks in the Upper Mid-Band

The upper mid-band -- roughly from 7 to 24 GHz -- has attracted considerable recent interest for new cellular services. This frequency range has vastly more spectrum than the highly congested bands below 7 GHz while offering more favorable propagation and coverage than the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies. Realizing the full potential of these bands, however, will require fundamental changes to the design of cellular systems. Most importantly, spectrum will likely need to be shared with incumbents including communication satellites, military RADAR, and radio astronomy. Also, due to the wide bandwidth, directional nature of transmission, and intermittent occupancy of incumbents, cellular systems will need to be agile to sense and intelligently use large spatial and bandwidth degrees of freedom. This paper attempts to provide an initial assessment of the feasibility and potential gains of wideband cellular systems operating in the upper mid-band. The study includes: (1) a system study to assess potential gains of multi-band systems in a representative dense urban environment; (2) propagation calculations to assess potential cross interference between satellites and terrestrial cellular services; and (3) design and evaluation of a compact multi-band antenna array structure. Leveraging these preliminary results, we identify potential future research directions to realize next-generation systems in these frequencies.

Generalizable Wireless Navigation through Physics-Informed Reinforcement Learning in Wireless Digital Twin

The growing focus on indoor robot navigation utilizing wireless signals has stemmed from the capability of these signals to capture high-resolution angular and temporal measurements. However, employing end-to-end generic reinforcement learning (RL) for wireless indoor navigation (WIN) in initially unknown environments remains a significant challenge, due to its limited generalization ability and poor sample efficiency. At the same time, purely model-based solutions, based on radio frequency propagation, are simple and generalizable, but unable to find optimal decisions in complex environments. This work proposes a novel physics-informed RL (PIRL) were a standard distance-to-target-based cost along with physics-informed terms on the optimal trajectory. The proposed PIRL is evaluated using a wireless digital twin (WDT) built upon simulations of a large class of indoor environments from the AI Habitat dataset augmented with electromagnetic radiation (EM) simulation for wireless signals. It is shown that the PIRL significantly outperforms both standard RL and purely physics-based solutions in terms of generalizability and performance. Furthermore, the resulting PIRL policy is explainable in that it is empirically consistent with the physics heuristic.