Meta-Learning-Based People Counting and Localization Models Employing CSI from Commodity WiFi NICs

In this paper, we consider people counting and localization systems exploiting channel state information (CSI) measured from commodity WiFi network interface cards (NICs). While CSI has useful information of amplitude and phase to describe signal propagation in a measurement environment of interest, CSI measurement suffers from offsets due to various uncertainties. Moreover, an uncontrollable external environment where other WiFi devices communicate each other induces interfering signals, resulting in erroneous CSI captured at a receiver. In this paper, preprocessing of CSI is first proposed for offset removal, and it guarantees low-latency operation without any filtering process. Afterwards, we design people counting and localization models based on pre-training. To be adaptive to different measurement environments, meta-learning-based people counting and localization models are also proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed meta-learning-based people counting and localization models can achieve high sensing accuracy, compared to other learning schemes that follow simple training and test procedures.

An Experimental Multi-Band Channel Characterization in the Upper Mid-Band

The following paper provides a multi-band channel measurement analysis on the frequency range (FR)3. This study focuses on the FR3 low frequencies 6.5 GHz and 8.75 GHz with a setup tailored to the context of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), where the data are collected with and without the presence of a target. A method based on multiple signal classification (MUSIC) is used to refine the delays of the channel impulse response estimates. The results reveal that the channel at the lower frequency 6.5 GHz has additional distinguishable multipath components in the presence of the target, while the one associated with the higher frequency 8.75 GHz has more blockage. The set of results reported in this paper serves as a benchmark for future multi-band studies in the FR3 spectrum.

Channel-Coded Precoding for Multi-User MISO Systems

Precoding is a critical and long-standing technique in multi-user communication systems. However, the majority of existing precoding methods do not consider channel coding in their designs. In this paper, we consider the precoding problem in multi-user multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems, incorporating channel coding into the design. By leveraging the error-correcting capability of channel codes we increase the degrees of freedom in the transmit signal design, thereby enhancing the overall system performance. We first propose a novel data-dependent precoding framework for coded MISO systems, referred to as channel-coded precoding (CCP), which maximizes the probability that information bits can be correctly recovered by the channel decoder. This proposed CCP framework allows the transmit signals to produce data symbol errors at the users' receivers, as long as the overall information BER performance can be improved. We develop the CCP framework for both one-bit and multi-bit error-correcting capacity and devise a projected gradient-based approach to solve the design problem. We also develop a robust CCP framework for the case where knowledge of perfect channel state information (CSI) is unavailable at the transmitter, taking into account the effect of both noise and channel estimation errors. Finally, we conduct numerous simulations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed CCP and its superiority compared to existing precoding methods, and we identify situations where the proposed CCP yields the most significant gains.

RIS-Enabled Cellular Systems Operated by Different Service Providers

In realistic cellular communication systems, multiple service providers will operate within different frequency ranges. Each serving cell, which is managed by a distinct service provider, is designed individually due to the orthogonal frequencies. However, when a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is deployed for a certain cell, the RIS still incurs reflective channels for the overall system since the RIS reflects signals across all frequency ranges. This may cause severe undesired performance degradation for the other cells unless the reflection coefficients are properly designed. To tackle this issue, by utilizing the Riemannian manifold optimization method, an RIS reflection coefficients design is proposed in this paper to maximize the performance improvements of the cell that deploys the RIS while minimizing the undesired performance degradation for the other cells simultaneously. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed design can effectively balance the two objectives for practical scenarios.

Machine Learning-based Channel Prediction in Wideband Massive MIMO Systems with Small Overhead for Online Training

Channel prediction compensates for outdated channel state information in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Machine learning (ML) techniques have recently been implemented to design channel predictors by leveraging the temporal correlation of wireless channels. However, most ML-based channel prediction techniques have only considered offline training when generating channel predictors, which can result in poor performance when encountering channel environments different from the ones they were trained on. To ensure prediction performance in varying channel conditions, we propose an online re-training framework that trains the channel predictor from scratch to effectively capture and respond to changes in the wireless environment. The training time includes data collection time and neural network training time, and should be minimized for practical channel predictors. To reduce the training time, especially data collection time, we propose a novel ML-based channel prediction technique called aggregated learning (AL) approach for wideband massive MIMO systems. In the proposed AL approach, the training data can be split and aggregated either in an array domain or frequency domain, which are the channel domains of MIMO-OFDM systems. This processing can significantly reduce the time for data collection. Our numerical results show that the AL approach even improves channel prediction performance in various scenarios with small training time overhead.

Stochastic Geometry Analysis of RIS-Assisted Cellular Networks with Reflective Intelligent Surfaces on Roads

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) provide alternative routes for reflected signals to network users, offering numerous applications. This paper explores an innovative approach of strategically deploying RISs along road areas to leverage various propagation and blockage conditions present in cellular networks with roads. To address the local network geometries shown by such networks, we use a stochastic geometry framework, specifically the Cox point processes, to model the locations of RISs and vehicle users. Then, we define the coverage probability as the chance that either a base station or an RIS is in line of sight (LOS) of the typical user and that the LOS signal has a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than a threshold. We derive the coverage probability as a function of key parameters such as RIS density and path loss exponent. We observe that the network geometry highly affects the coverage and that the proposed RIS deployment effectively leverages the underlying difference of attenuation and blockage, significantly increasing the coverage of vehicle users in the network. With experimental results addressing the impact of key variables to network performance, this work serves as a versatile tool for designing, analyzing, and optimizing RIS-assisted cellular networks with many vehicles.

Meta-Heuristic Fronthaul Bit Allocation for Cell-free Massive MIMO Systems

Limited capacity of fronthaul links in a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system can cause quantization errors at a central processing unit (CPU) during data transmission, complicating the centralized rate optimization problem. Addressing this challenge, we propose a harmony search (HS)-based algorithm that renders the combinatorial non-convex problem tractable. One of the distinctive features of our algorithm is its hierarchical structure: it first allocates resources at the access point (AP) level and subsequently optimizes for user equipment (UE), ensuring a more efficient and structured approach to resource allocation. Our proposed algorithm deals with rigorous conditions, such as asymmetric fronthaul bit allocation and distinct quantization error levels at each AP, which were not considered in previous works. We derive a closed-form expression of signal-to-interference-plusnoise ratio (SINR), in which additive quantization noise model (AQNM) based distortion error is taken into account, to define the mathematical expression of spectral efficiency (SE) for each UE. Also, we provide analyses on computational complexity and convergence to investigate the practicality of proposed algorithm. By leveraging various performance metrics such as total SE and max-min fairness, we demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can adaptively optimize the fronthaul bit allocation depending on system requirements. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve satisfactory performance while maintaining low computational complexity, as compared to the exhaustive search method

WMMSE-Based Rate Maximization for RIS-Assisted MU-MIMO Systems

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology, given its ability to favorably modify wireless communication environments, will play a pivotal role in the evolution of future communication systems. This paper proposes rate maximization techniques for both single-user and multiuser MIMO systems, based on the well-known weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) criterion. Using a suitable weight matrix, the WMMSE algorithm tackles an equivalent weighted mean square error (WMSE) minimization problem to achieve the sum-rate maximization. By considering a more practical RIS system model that employs a tensor-based representation enforced by the electromagnetic behavior exhibited by the RIS panel, we detail both the sum-rate maximizing and WMSE minimizing strategies for RIS phase shift optimization by deriving the closed-form gradient of the WMSE and the sum-rate with respect to the RIS phase shift vector. Our simulations reveal that the proposed rate maximization technique, rooted in the WMMSE algorithm, exhibits superior performance when compared to other benchmarks.

A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Autonomous Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a prospective wireless technology that enhances wireless channel quality. An RIS is often equipped with passive array of elements and provides cost and power-efficient solutions for coverage extension of wireless communication systems. Without any radio frequency (RF) chains or computing resources, however, the RIS requires control information to be sent to it from an external unit, e.g., a base station (BS). The control information can be delivered by wired or wireless channels, and the BS must be aware of the RIS and the RIS-related channel conditions in order to effectively configure its behavior. Recent works have introduced hybrid RIS structures possessing a few active elements that can sense and digitally process received data. Here, we propose the operation of an entirely autonomous RIS that operates without a control link between the RIS and BS. Using a few sensing elements, the autonomous RIS employs a deep Q network (DQN) based on reinforcement learning in order to enhance the sum rate of the network. Our results illustrate the potential of deploying autonomous RISs in wireless networks with essentially no network overhead.

Smart Resource Allocation at mmWave/THz Frequencies with Cooperative Rate-Splitting

In this paper, we propose algorithms to minimize the energy consumption in millimeter wave/terahertz multi-user downlink communication systems. To ensure coverage in blockage-vulnerable high frequency systems, we consider cooperative rate-splitting (CRS) and transmission over multiple time blocks, where via CRS, multiple users cooperate to assist a blocked user. Moreover, we show that transmission over multiple time blocks provides benefits through smart resource allocation. We first propose a communication framework named improved distinct extraction-based CRS (iDeCRS) that utilizes the benefits of rate-splitting. With our transmission framework, we derive a performance benchmark assuming genie channel state information (CSI), i.e., the channels of the present and future time blocks are known, denoted as GENIE. Using the results from GENIE, we derive a novel efficiency constrained optimization (ECO) algorithm assuming instantaneous CSI. In addition, a simple but effective even data transmission (EDT) algorithm that promotes steady transmission along the time blocks is proposed. Simulation results show that ECO and EDT have satisfactory performances compared to GENIE. The results also show that ECO outperforms EDT when many users are cooperating, and vise versa.