A Transformer Framework for Simultaneous Segmentation, Classification, and Caller Identification of Marmoset Vocalization

Marmoset, a highly vocalized primate, has become a popular animal model for studying social-communicative behavior and its underlying mechanism comparing with human infant linguistic developments. In the study of vocal communication, it is vital to know the caller identities, call contents, and vocal exchanges. Previous work of a CNN has achieved a joint model for call segmentation, classification, and caller identification for marmoset vocalizations. However, the CNN has limitations in modeling long-range acoustic patterns; the Transformer architecture that has been shown to outperform CNNs, utilizes the self-attention mechanism that efficiently segregates information parallelly over long distances and captures the global structure of marmoset vocalization. We propose using the Transformer to jointly segment and classify the marmoset calls and identify the callers for each vocalization.

A Neural Transformer Framework for Simultaneous Tasks of Segmentation, Classification, and Caller Identification of Marmoset Vocalization

Marmoset, a highly vocalized primate, has become a popular animal model for studying social-communicative behavior and its underlying mechanism. In the study of vocal communication, it is vital to know the caller identities, call contents, and vocal exchanges. Previous work of a CNN has achieved a joint model for call segmentation, classification, and caller identification for marmoset vocalizations. However, the CNN has limitations in modeling long-range acoustic patterns; the Transformer architecture that has been shown to outperform CNNs, utilizes the self-attention mechanism that efficiently segregates information parallelly over long distances and captures the global structure of marmoset vocalization. We propose using the Transformer to jointly segment and classify the marmoset calls and identify the callers for each vocalization.

Enhancing Indonesian Automatic Speech Recognition: Evaluating Multilingual Models with Diverse Speech Variabilities

An ideal speech recognition model has the capability to transcribe speech accurately under various characteristics of speech signals, such as speaking style (read and spontaneous), speech context (formal and informal), and background noise conditions (clean and moderate). Building such a model requires a significant amount of training data with diverse speech characteristics. Currently, Indonesian data is dominated by read, formal, and clean speech, leading to a scarcity of Indonesian data with other speech variabilities. To develop Indonesian automatic speech recognition (ASR), we present our research on state-of-the-art speech recognition models, namely Massively Multilingual Speech (MMS) and Whisper, as well as compiling a dataset comprising Indonesian speech with variabilities to facilitate our study. We further investigate the models' predictive ability to transcribe Indonesian speech data across different variability groups. The best results were achieved by the Whisper fine-tuned model across datasets with various characteristics, as indicated by the decrease in word error rate (WER) and character error rate (CER). Moreover, we found that speaking style variability affected model performance the most.

Contrastive Feedback Mechanism for Simultaneous Speech Translation

Recent advances in simultaneous speech translation (SST) focus on the decision policies that enable the use of offline-trained ST models for simultaneous inference. These decision policies not only control the quality-latency trade-off in SST but also mitigate the impact of unstable predictions on translation quality by delaying translation for more context or discarding these predictions through stable hypothesis detection. However, these policies often overlook the potential benefits of utilizing unstable predictions. We introduce the contrastive feedback mechanism (CFM) for SST, a novel method that leverages these unstable predictions as feedback to improve translation quality. CFM guides the system to eliminate undesired model behaviors from these predictions through a contrastive objective. The experiments on 3 state-of-the-art decision policies across 8 languages in the MuST-C v1.0 dataset show that CFM effectively improves the performance of SST.

On the Problem of Text-To-Speech Model Selection for Synthetic Data Generation in Automatic Speech Recognition

The rapid development of neural text-to-speech (TTS) systems enabled its usage in other areas of natural language processing such as automatic speech recognition (ASR) or spoken language translation (SLT). Due to the large number of different TTS architectures and their extensions, selecting which TTS systems to use for synthetic data creation is not an easy task. We use the comparison of five different TTS decoder architectures in the scope of synthetic data generation to show the impact on CTC-based speech recognition training. We compare the recognition results to computable metrics like NISQA MOS and intelligibility, finding that there are no clear relations to the ASR performance. We also observe that for data generation auto-regressive decoding performs better than non-autoregressive decoding, and propose an approach to quantify TTS generalization capabilities.

NAIST Simultaneous Speech Translation System for IWSLT 2024

This paper describes NAIST's submission to the simultaneous track of the IWSLT 2024 Evaluation Campaign: English-to-{German, Japanese, Chinese} speech-to-text translation and English-to-Japanese speech-to-speech translation. We develop a multilingual end-to-end speech-to-text translation model combining two pre-trained language models, HuBERT and mBART. We trained this model with two decoding policies, Local Agreement (LA) and AlignAtt. The submitted models employ the LA policy because it outperformed the AlignAtt policy in previous models. Our speech-to-speech translation method is a cascade of the above speech-to-text model and an incremental text-to-speech (TTS) module that incorporates a phoneme estimation model, a parallel acoustic model, and a parallel WaveGAN vocoder. We improved our incremental TTS by applying the Transformer architecture with the AlignAtt policy for the estimation model. The results show that our upgraded TTS module contributed to improving the system performance.

SpeeChain: A Speech Toolkit for Large-Scale Machine Speech Chain

This paper introduces SpeeChain, an open-source Pytorch-based toolkit designed to develop the machine speech chain for large-scale use. This first release focuses on the TTS-to-ASR chain, a core component of the machine speech chain, that refers to the TTS data augmentation by unspoken text for ASR. To build an efficient pipeline for the large-scale TTS-to-ASR chain, we implement easy-to-use multi-GPU batch-level model inference, multi-dataloader batch generation, and on-the-fly data selection techniques. In this paper, we first explain the overall procedure of the TTS-to-ASR chain and the difficulties of each step. Then, we present a detailed ablation study on different types of unlabeled data, data filtering thresholds, batch composition, and real-synthetic data ratios. Our experimental results on train_clean_460 of LibriSpeech demonstrate that our TTS-to-ASR chain can significantly improve WER in a semi-supervised setting.

NusaCrowd: Open Source Initiative for Indonesian NLP Resources

We present NusaCrowd, a collaborative initiative to collect and unite existing resources for Indonesian languages, including opening access to previously non-public resources. Through this initiative, we have has brought together 137 datasets and 117 standardized data loaders. The quality of the datasets has been assessed manually and automatically, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated in multiple experiments. NusaCrowd's data collection enables the creation of the first zero-shot benchmarks for natural language understanding and generation in Indonesian and its local languages. Furthermore, NusaCrowd brings the creation of the first multilingual automatic speech recognition benchmark in Indonesian and its local languages. Our work is intended to help advance natural language processing research in under-represented languages.

Instance-level Heterogeneous Domain Adaptation for Limited-labeled Sketch-to-Photo Retrieval

Although sketch-to-photo retrieval has a wide range of applications, it is costly to obtain paired and rich-labeled ground truth. Differently, photo retrieval data is easier to acquire. Therefore, previous works pre-train their models on rich-labeled photo retrieval data (i.e., source domain) and then fine-tune them on the limited-labeled sketch-to-photo retrieval data (i.e., target domain). However, without co-training source and target data, source domain knowledge might be forgotten during the fine-tuning process, while simply co-training them may cause negative transfer due to domain gaps. Moreover, identity label spaces of source data and target data are generally disjoint and therefore conventional category-level Domain Adaptation (DA) is not directly applicable. To address these issues, we propose an Instance-level Heterogeneous Domain Adaptation (IHDA) framework. We apply the fine-tuning strategy for identity label learning, aiming to transfer the instance-level knowledge in an inductive transfer manner. Meanwhile, labeled attributes from the source data are selected to form a shared label space for source and target domains. Guided by shared attributes, DA is utilized to bridge cross-dataset domain gaps and heterogeneous domain gaps, which transfers instance-level knowledge in a transductive transfer manner. Experiments show that our method has set a new state of the art on three sketch-to-photo image retrieval benchmarks without extra annotations, which opens the door to train more effective models on limited-labeled heterogeneous image retrieval tasks. Related codes are available at https://github.com/fandulu/IHDA.

Actor-identified Spatiotemporal Action Detection -- Detecting Who Is Doing What in Videos

The success of deep learning on video Action Recognition (AR) has motivated researchers to progressively promote related tasks from the coarse level to the fine-grained level. Compared with conventional AR that only predicts an action label for the entire video, Temporal Action Detection (TAD) has been investigated for estimating the start and end time for each action in videos. Taking TAD a step further, Spatiotemporal Action Detection (SAD) has been studied for localizing the action both spatially and temporally in videos. However, who performs the action, is generally ignored in SAD, while identifying the actor could also be important. To this end, we propose a novel task, Actor-identified Spatiotemporal Action Detection (ASAD), to bridge the gap between SAD and actor identification. In ASAD, we not only detect the spatiotemporal boundary for instance-level action but also assign the unique ID to each actor. To approach ASAD, Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) and Action Classification (AC) are two fundamental elements. By using MOT, the spatiotemporal boundary of each actor is obtained and assigned to a unique actor identity. By using AC, the action class is estimated within the corresponding spatiotemporal boundary. Since ASAD is a new task, it poses many new challenges that cannot be addressed by existing methods: i) no dataset is specifically created for ASAD, ii) no evaluation metrics are designed for ASAD, iii) current MOT performance is the bottleneck to obtain satisfactory ASAD results. To address those problems, we contribute to i) annotate a new ASAD dataset, ii) propose ASAD evaluation metrics by considering multi-label actions and actor identification, iii) improve the data association strategies in MOT to boost the MOT performance, which leads to better ASAD results. The code is available at \url{https://github.com/fandulu/ASAD}.