IRS Aided Federated Learning: Multiple Access and Fundamental Tradeoff

This paper investigates an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) aided wireless federated learning (FL) system, where an access point (AP) coordinates multiple edge devices to train a machine leaning model without sharing their own raw data. During the training process, we exploit the joint channel reconfiguration via IRS and resource allocation design to reduce the latency of a FL task. Particularly, we propose three transmission protocols for assisting the local model uploading from multiple devices to an AP, namely IRS aided time division multiple access (I-TDMA), IRS aided frequency division multiple access (I-FDMA), and IRS aided non-orthogonal multiple access (INOMA), to investigate the impact of IRS on the multiple access for FL. Under the three protocols, we minimize the per-round latency subject to a given training loss by jointly optimizing the device scheduling, IRS phase-shifts, and communicationcomputation resource allocation. For the associated problem under I-TDMA, an efficient algorithm is proposed to solve it optimally by exploiting its intrinsic structure, whereas the highquality solutions of the problems under I-FDMA and I-NOMA are obtained by invoking a successive convex approximation (SCA) based approach. Then, we further develop a theoretical framework for the performance comparison of the proposed three transmission protocols. Sufficient conditions for ensuring that I-TDMA outperforms I-NOMA and those of its opposite are unveiled, which is fundamentally different from that NOMA always outperforms TDMA in the system without IRS. Simulation results validate our theoretical findings and also demonstrate the usefulness of IRS for enhancing the fundamental tradeoff between the learning latency and learning accuracy.

Spatial Multiplexing Oriented Channel Reconfiguration in Multi-IRS Aided MIMO Systems

Spatial multiplexing plays a significant role in improving the capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. To improve the spectral efficiency (SE) of a point-to-point MIMO system, we exploit the channel reconfiguration capabilities provided by multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) to enhance the spatial multiplexing. Unlike most existing works, we address both the issues of the IRSs placement and elements allocation. To this end, we first introduce an orthogonal placement strategy to mitigate channel correlation, thereby enabling interference-free multi-stream transmission. Subsequently, we propose a successive convex approximation (SCA)-based approach to jointly optimize the IRS elements and power allocation. Our theoretical analysis unveils that equal IRS elements/power allocation scheme becomes asymptotically optimal as the number of IRS elements and transmit power tend to be infinite. Numerical results demonstrate that when the total number of IRS elements or the power exceeds a certain threshold, a multi-IRS assisted system outperforms a single IRS configuration.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided AirComp: Multi-Timescale Design and Performance Analysis

The integration of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) into over-the-air computation (AirComp) is an effective solution for reducing the computational mean squared error (MSE) via its high passive beamforming gain. Prior works on IRS aided AirComp generally rely on the full instantaneous channel state information (I-CSI), which is not applicable to large-scale systems due to its heavy signalling overhead. To address this issue, we propose a novel multi-timescale transmission protocol. In particular, the receive beamforming at the access point (AP) is pre-determined based on the static angle information and the IRS phase-shifts are optimized relying on the long-term statistical CSI. With the obtained AP receive beamforming and IRS phase-shifts, the effective low-dimensional I-CSI is exploited to determine devices' transmit power in each coherence block, thus substantially reducing the signalling overhead. Theoretical analysis unveils that the achievable MSE scales on the order of ${\cal O}\left( {K/\left( {{N^2}M} \right)} \right)$, where $M$, $N$, and $K$ are the number of AP antennas, IRS elements, and devices, respectively. We also prove that the channel-inversion power control is asymptotically optimal for large $N$, which reveals that the full power transmission policy is not needed for lowering the power consumption of energy-limited devices.

Deploying Graph Neural Networks in Wireless Networks: A Link Stability Viewpoint

As an emerging artificial intelligence technology, graph neural networks (GNNs) have exhibited promising performance across a wide range of graph-related applications. However, information exchanges among neighbor nodes in GNN pose new challenges in the resource-constrained scenario, especially in wireless systems. In practical wireless systems, the communication links among nodes are usually unreliable due to wireless fading and receiver noise, consequently resulting in performance degradation of GNNs. To improve the learning performance of GNNs, we aim to maximize the number of long-term average (LTA) communication links by the optimized power control under energy consumption constraints. Using the Lyapunov optimization method, we first transform the intractable long-term problem into a deterministic problem in each time slot by converting the long-term energy constraints into the objective function. In spite of this non-convex combinatorial optimization problem, we address this problem via equivalently solving a sequence of convex feasibility problems together with a greedy based solver. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed scheme over the baselines.

Network-Level Integrated Sensing and Communication: Interference Management and BS Coordination Using Stochastic Geometry

In this work, we study integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) networks with the aim of effectively balancing sensing and communication (S&C) performance at the network level. Focusing on monostatic sensing, the tool of stochastic geometry is exploited to capture the S&C performance, which facilitates us to illuminate key cooperative dependencies in the ISAC network and optimize key network-level parameters. Based on the derived tractable expression of area spectral efficiency (ASE), we formulate the optimization problem to maximize the network performance from the view point of two joint S&C metrics. Towards this end, we further jointly optimize the cooperative BS cluster sizes for S&C and the serving/probing numbers of users/targets to achieve a flexible tradeoff between S&C at the network level. It is verified that interference nulling can effectively improve the average data rate and radar information rate. Surprisingly, the optimal communication tradeoff for the case of the ASE maximization tends to employ all spacial resources towards multiplexing and diversity gain, without interference nulling. By contrast, for the sensing objectives, resource allocation tends to eliminate certain interference especially when the antenna resources are sufficient, because the inter-cell interference becomes a more dominant factor affecting sensing performance. Furthermore, we prove that the ratio of the optimal number of users and the number of transmit antennas is a constant value when the communication performance is optimal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed cooperative ISAC scheme achieves a substantial gain in S&C performance at the network level.

3D Multi-Target Localization Via Intelligent Reflecting Surface: Protocol and Analysis

With the emerging environment-aware applications, ubiquitous sensing is expected to play a key role in future networks. In this paper, we study a 3-dimensional (3D) multi-target localization system where multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) are applied to create virtual line-of-sight (LoS) links that bypass the base station (BS) and targets. To fully unveil the fundamental limit of IRS for sensing, we first study a single-target-single-IRS case and propose a novel \textit{two-stage localization protocol} by controlling the on/off state of IRS. To be specific, in the IRS-off stage, we derive the Cram\'{e}r-Rao bound (CRB) of the azimuth/elevation direction-of-arrival (DoA) of the BS-target link and design a DoA estimator based on the MUSIC algorithm. In the IRS-on stage, the CRB of the azimuth/elevation DoA of the IRS-target link is derived and a simple DoA estimator based on the on-grid IRS beam scanning method is proposed. Particularly, the impact of echo signals reflected by IRS from different paths on sensing performance is analyzed. Moreover, we prove that the single-beam of the IRS is not capable of sensing, but it can be achieved with \textit{multi-beam}. Based on the two obtained DoAs, the 3D single-target location is constructed. We then extend to the multi-target-multi-IRS case and propose an \textit{IRS-adaptive sensing protocol} by controlling the on/off state of multiple IRSs, and a multi-target localization algorithm is developed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme and show that sub-meter-level positioning accuracy can be achieved.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Multi-Tier Hybrid Computing

The Digital twin edge network (DITEN) aims to integrate mobile edge computing (MEC) and digital twin (DT) to provide real-time system configuration and flexible resource allocation for the sixth-generation network. This paper investigates an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided multi-tier hybrid computing system that can achieve mutual benefits for DT and MEC in the DITEN. For the first time, this paper presents the opportunity to realize the network-wide convergence of DT and MEC. In the considered system, specifically, over-the-air computation (AirComp) is employed to monitor the status of the DT system, while MEC is performed with the assistance of DT to provide low-latency computing services. Besides, the IRS is utilized to enhance signal transmission and mitigate interference among heterogeneous nodes. We propose a framework for designing the hybrid computing system, aiming to maximize the sum computation rate under communication and computation resources constraints. To tackle the non-convex optimization problem, alternative optimization and successive convex approximation techniques are leveraged to decouple variables and then transform the problem into a more tractable form. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and demonstrate the IRS can significantly improve the system performance with appropriate phase shift configurations. Moreover, the results indicate that the DT assisted MEC system can precisely achieve the balance between local computing and task offloading since real-time system status can be obtained with the help of DT. This paper proposes the network-wide integration of DT and MEC, then demonstrates the necessity of DT for achieving an optimal performance in DITEN systems through analysis and numerical results.

Hybrid Active-Passive IRS Assisted Energy-Efficient Wireless Communication

Deploying active reflecting elements at the intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) increases signal amplification capability but incurs higher power consumption. Therefore, it remains a challenging and open problem to determine the optimal number of active/passive elements for maximizing energy efficiency (EE). To answer this question, we consider a hybrid active-passive IRS (H-IRS) assisted wireless communication system, where the H-IRS consists of both active and passive reflecting elements.Specifically, we study the optimization of the number of active/passive elements at the H-IRS to maximize EE. To this end, we first derive the closed-form expression for a near-optimal solution under the line-of-sight (LoS) channel case and obtain its optimal solution under the Rayleigh fading channel case. Then, an efficient algorithm is employed to obtain a high-quality sub-optimal solution for the EE maximization under the general Rician channel case. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the H-IRS for maximizing EE under different Rician factors and IRS locations.

Delay-aware Multiple Access Design for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Uplink Transmission

In this paper, we develop a novel multiple access (MA) protocol for an intelligent reflecting (IRS) aided uplink transmission network by incorporating the IRS-aided time-division MA (I-TDMA) protocol and the IRS-aided non-orthogonal MA protocol (I-NOMA) protocol as special cases. Two typical communication scenarios, namely the transmit power limited case and the transmit energy limited case are considered, where the device's rearranged order, time and power allocation, as well as dynamic IRS beamforming patterns over time are jointly optimized to minimize the sum transmission delay. To shed light on the superiority of the proposed IRS-aided hybrid MA (I-HMA) protocol over conventional protocols, the conditions under which I-HMA outperforms I-TDMA and I-NOMA are revealed by characterizing their corresponding optimal solution. Then, a computationally efficient algorithm is proposed to obtain the high-quality solution to the corresponding optimization problems. Simulation results validate our theoretical findings, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed design, and draw some useful insights. Specifically, it is found that the proposed protocol can significantly reduce the sum delay by combining the additional gain of dynamic IRS beamforming with the high spectral efficiency of NOMA, which thus reveals that integrating IRS into the proposed HMA protocol is an effective solution for delay-aware optimization. Furthermore, it reveals that the proposed design reduces the time consumption not only from the system-centric view, but also from the device-centric view.

IRS Aided MEC Systems with Binary Offloading: A Unified Framework for Dynamic IRS Beamforming

In this paper, we develop a unified dynamic intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) beamforming framework to boost the sum computation rate of an IRS-aided mobile edge computing (MEC) system, where each device follows a binary offloading policy. Specifically, the task of each device has to be either executed locally or offloaded to MEC servers as a whole with the aid of given number of IRS beamforming vectors available. By flexibly controlling the number of IRS reconfiguration times, the system can achieve a balance between the performance and associated signalling overhead. We aim to maximize the sum computation rate by jointly optimizing the computational mode selection for each device, offloading time allocation, and IRS beamforming vectors across time. Since the resulting optimization problem is non-convex and NP-hard, there are generally no standard methods to solve it optimally. To tackle this problem, we first propose a penalty-based successive convex approximation algorithm, where all the associated variables in the inner-layer iterations are optimized simultaneously and the obtained solution is guaranteed to be locally optimal. Then, we further derive the offloading activation condition for each device by deeply exploiting the intrinsic structure of the original optimization problem. According to the offloading activation condition, a low-complexity algorithm based on the successive refinement method is proposed to obtain high-quality solutions, which is more appealing for practical systems with a large number of devices and IRS elements. Moreover, the optimal condition for the proposed low-complexity algorithm is revealed. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms and also unveil the fundamental performance-cost tradeoff of the proposed dynamic IRS beamforming framework.