BPQA Dataset: Evaluating How Well Language Models Leverage Blood Pressures to Answer Biomedical Questions

Clinical measurements such as blood pressures and respiration rates are critical in diagnosing and monitoring patient outcomes. It is an important component of biomedical data, which can be used to train transformer-based language models (LMs) for improving healthcare delivery. It is, however, unclear whether LMs can effectively interpret and use clinical measurements. We investigate two questions: First, can LMs effectively leverage clinical measurements to answer related medical questions? Second, how to enhance an LM's performance on medical question-answering (QA) tasks that involve measurements? We performed a case study on blood pressure readings (BPs), a vital sign routinely monitored by medical professionals. We evaluated the performance of four LMs: BERT, BioBERT, MedAlpaca, and GPT-3.5, on our newly developed dataset, BPQA (Blood Pressure Question Answering). BPQA contains $100$ medical QA pairs that were verified by medical students and designed to rely on BPs . We found that GPT-3.5 and MedAlpaca (larger and medium sized LMs) benefit more from the inclusion of BPs than BERT and BioBERT (small sized LMs). Further, augmenting measurements with labels improves the performance of BioBERT and Medalpaca (domain specific LMs), suggesting that retrieval may be useful for improving domain-specific LMs.

Refining Packing and Shuffling Strategies for Enhanced Performance in Generative Language Models

Packing and shuffling tokens is a common practice in training auto-regressive language models (LMs) to prevent overfitting and improve efficiency. Typically documents are concatenated to chunks of maximum sequence length (MSL) and then shuffled. However setting the atom size, the length for each data chunk accompanied by random shuffling, to MSL may lead to contextual incoherence due to tokens from different documents being packed into the same chunk. An alternative approach is to utilize padding, another common data packing strategy, to avoid contextual incoherence by only including one document in each shuffled chunk. To optimize both packing strategies (concatenation vs padding), we investigated the optimal atom size for shuffling and compared their performance and efficiency. We found that matching atom size to MSL optimizes performance for both packing methods (concatenation and padding), and padding yields lower final perplexity (higher performance) than concatenation at the cost of more training steps and lower compute efficiency. This trade-off informs the choice of packing methods in training language models.

Frequency Guidance Matters: Skeletal Action Recognition by Frequency-Aware Mixed Transformer

Recently, transformers have demonstrated great potential for modeling long-term dependencies from skeleton sequences and thereby gained ever-increasing attention in skeleton action recognition. However, the existing transformer-based approaches heavily rely on the naive attention mechanism for capturing the spatiotemporal features, which falls short in learning discriminative representations that exhibit similar motion patterns. To address this challenge, we introduce the Frequency-aware Mixed Transformer (FreqMixFormer), specifically designed for recognizing similar skeletal actions with subtle discriminative motions. First, we introduce a frequency-aware attention module to unweave skeleton frequency representations by embedding joint features into frequency attention maps, aiming to distinguish the discriminative movements based on their frequency coefficients. Subsequently, we develop a mixed transformer architecture to incorporate spatial features with frequency features to model the comprehensive frequency-spatial patterns. Additionally, a temporal transformer is proposed to extract the global correlations across frames. Extensive experiments show that FreqMiXFormer outperforms SOTA on 3 popular skeleton action recognition datasets, including NTU RGB+D, NTU RGB+D 120, and NW-UCLA datasets.

FAD-SAR: A Novel Fishing Activity Detection System via Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Based on Deep Learning Method

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing seriously affects various aspects of human life. However, current methods for detecting and monitoring IUU activities at sea have limitations. While Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can complement existing vessel detection systems, extracting useful information from SAR images using traditional methods, especially for IUU fishing identification, poses challenges. This paper proposes a deep learning-based system for detecting fishing activities. We implemented this system on the xView3 dataset using six classical object detection models: Faster R-CNN, Cascade R-CNN, SSD, RetinaNet, FSAF, and FCOS. We applied improvement methods to enhance the performance of the Faster R-CNN model. Specifically, training the Faster R-CNN model using Online Hard Example Mining (OHEM) strategy improved the Avg-F1 value from 0.212 to 0.216, representing a 1.96% improvement.

Flood Data Analysis on SpaceNet 8 Using Apache Sedona

With the escalating frequency of floods posing persistent threats to human life and property, satellite remote sensing has emerged as an indispensable tool for monitoring flood hazards. SpaceNet8 offers a unique opportunity to leverage cutting-edge artificial intelligence technologies to assess these hazards. A significant contribution of this research is its application of Apache Sedona, an advanced platform specifically designed for the efficient and distributed processing of large-scale geospatial data. This platform aims to enhance the efficiency of error analysis, a critical aspect of improving flood damage detection accuracy. Based on Apache Sedona, we introduce a novel approach that addresses the challenges associated with inaccuracies in flood damage detection. This approach involves the retrieval of cases from historical flood events, the adaptation of these cases to current scenarios, and the revision of the model based on clustering algorithms to refine its performance. Through the replication of both the SpaceNet8 baseline and its top-performing models, we embark on a comprehensive error analysis. This analysis reveals several main sources of inaccuracies. To address these issues, we employ data visual interpretation and histogram equalization techniques, resulting in significant improvements in model metrics. After these enhancements, our indicators show a notable improvement, with precision up by 5%, F1 score by 2.6%, and IoU by 4.5%. This work highlights the importance of advanced geospatial data processing tools, such as Apache Sedona. By improving the accuracy and efficiency of flood detection, this research contributes to safeguarding public safety and strengthening infrastructure resilience in flood-prone areas, making it a valuable addition to the field of remote sensing and disaster management.

SDPL: Shifting-Dense Partition Learning for UAV-View Geo-Localization

Cross-view geo-localization aims to match images of the same target from different platforms, e.g., drone and satellite. It is a challenging task due to the changing both appearance of targets and environmental content from different views. Existing methods mainly focus on digging more comprehensive information through feature maps segmentation, while inevitably destroy the image structure and are sensitive to the shifting and scale of the target in the query. To address the above issues, we introduce a simple yet effective part-based representation learning, called shifting-dense partition learning (SDPL). Specifically, we propose the dense partition strategy (DPS), which divides the image into multiple parts to explore contextual-information while explicitly maintain the global structure. To handle scenarios with non-centered targets, we further propose the shifting-fusion strategy, which generates multiple sets of parts in parallel based on various segmentation centers and then adaptively fuses all features to select the best partitions. Extensive experiments show that our SDPL is robust to position shifting and scale variations, and achieves competitive performance on two prevailing benchmarks, i.e., University-1652 and SUES-200.