Similarity-Dissimilarity Loss with Supervised Contrastive Learning for Multi-label Classification

Supervised contrastive learning has been explored in making use of label information for multi-label classification, but determining positive samples in multi-label scenario remains challenging. Previous studies have examined strategies for identifying positive samples, considering label overlap proportion between anchors and samples. However, they ignore various relations between given anchors and samples, as well as how to dynamically adjust the weights in contrastive loss functions based on different relations, leading to great ambiguity. In this paper, we introduce five distinct relations between multi-label samples and propose a Similarity-Dissimilarity Loss with contrastive learning for multi-label classification. Our loss function re-weights the loss by computing the similarity and dissimilarity between positive samples and a given anchor based on the introduced relations. We mainly conduct experiments for multi-label text classification on MIMIC datasets, then further extend the evaluation on MS-COCO. The Experimental results show that our proposed loss effectively improves the performance on all encoders under supervised contrastive learning paradigm, demonstrating its effectiveness and robustness.

Mitigating the Bias of Large Language Model Evaluation

Recently, there has been a trend of evaluating the Large Language Model (LLM) quality in the flavor of LLM-as-a-Judge, namely leveraging another LLM to evaluate the current output quality. However, existing judges are proven to be biased, namely they would favor answers which present better superficial quality (such as verbosity, fluency) while ignoring the instruction following ability. In this work, we propose systematic research about the bias of LLM-as-a-Judge. Specifically, for closed-source judge models, we apply calibration to mitigate the significance of superficial quality, both on probability level and prompt level. For open-source judge models, we propose to mitigate the bias by contrastive training, with curated negative samples that deviate from instruction but present better superficial quality. We apply our methods on the bias evaluation benchmark, and experiment results show our methods mitigate the bias by a large margin while maintaining a satisfactory evaluation accuracy.

LLM with Relation Classifier for Document-Level Relation Extraction

Large language models (LLMs) create a new paradigm for natural language processing. Despite their advancement, LLM-based methods still lag behind traditional approaches in document-level relation extraction (DocRE), a critical task for understanding complex entity relations. This paper investigates the causes of this performance gap, identifying the dispersion of attention by LLMs due to entity pairs without relations as a primary factor. We then introduce a novel classifier-LLM approach to DocRE. The proposed approach begins with a classifier specifically designed to select entity pair candidates exhibiting potential relations and thereby feeds them to LLM for the final relation extraction. This method ensures that during inference, the LLM's focus is directed primarily at entity pairs with relations. Experiments on DocRE benchmarks reveal that our method significantly outperforms recent LLM-based DocRE models and achieves competitive performance with several leading traditional DocRE models.

Augmenting emotion features in irony detection with Large language modeling

This study introduces a novel method for irony detection, applying Large Language Models (LLMs) with prompt-based learning to facilitate emotion-centric text augmentation. Traditional irony detection techniques typically fall short due to their reliance on static linguistic features and predefined knowledge bases, often overlooking the nuanced emotional dimensions integral to irony. In contrast, our methodology augments the detection process by integrating subtle emotional cues, augmented through LLMs, into three benchmark pre-trained NLP models - BERT, T5, and GPT-2 - which are widely recognized as foundational in irony detection. We assessed our method using the SemEval-2018 Task 3 dataset and observed substantial enhancements in irony detection capabilities.

SensoryT5: Infusing Sensorimotor Norms into T5 for Enhanced Fine-grained Emotion Classification

In traditional research approaches, sensory perception and emotion classification have traditionally been considered separate domains. Yet, the significant influence of sensory experiences on emotional responses is undeniable. The natural language processing (NLP) community has often missed the opportunity to merge sensory knowledge with emotion classification. To address this gap, we propose SensoryT5, a neuro-cognitive approach that integrates sensory information into the T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) model, designed specifically for fine-grained emotion classification. This methodology incorporates sensory cues into the T5's attention mechanism, enabling a harmonious balance between contextual understanding and sensory awareness. The resulting model amplifies the richness of emotional representations. In rigorous tests across various detailed emotion classification datasets, SensoryT5 showcases improved performance, surpassing both the foundational T5 model and current state-of-the-art works. Notably, SensoryT5's success signifies a pivotal change in the NLP domain, highlighting the potential influence of neuro-cognitive data in refining machine learning models' emotional sensitivity.

From explainable to interpretable deep learning for natural language processing in healthcare: how far from reality?

Deep learning (DL) has substantially enhanced healthcare research by addressing various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Yet, the increasing complexity of DL-based NLP methods necessitates transparent model interpretability, or at least explainability, for reliable decision-making. This work presents a thorough scoping review on explainable and interpretable DL in healthcare NLP. The term "XIAI" (eXplainable and Interpretable Artificial Intelligence) was introduced to distinguish XAI from IAI. Methods were further categorized based on their functionality (model-, input-, output-based) and scope (local, global). Our analysis shows that attention mechanisms were the most dominant emerging IAI. Moreover, IAI is increasingly used against XAI. The major challenges identified are that most XIAI do not explore "global" modeling processes, the lack of best practices, and the unmet need for systematic evaluation and benchmarks. Important opportunities were raised such as using "attention" to enhance multi-modal XIAI for personalized medicine and combine DL with causal reasoning. Our discussion encourages the integration of XIAI in LLMs and domain-specific smaller models. Our review can stimulate further research and benchmarks toward improving inherent IAI and engaging complex NLP in healthcare.

Prompting Explicit and Implicit Knowledge for Multi-hop Question Answering Based on Human Reading Process

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) leverage chains-of-thought (CoT) to simulate human reasoning and inference processes, achieving proficient performance in multi-hop QA. However, a gap persists between PLMs' reasoning abilities and those of humans when tackling complex problems. Psychological studies suggest a vital connection between explicit information in passages and human prior knowledge during reading. Nevertheless, current research has given insufficient attention to linking input passages and PLMs' pre-training-based knowledge from the perspective of human cognition studies. In this study, we introduce a Prompting Explicit and Implicit knowledge (PEI) framework, which uses prompts to connect explicit and implicit knowledge, aligning with human reading process for multi-hop QA. We consider the input passages as explicit knowledge, employing them to elicit implicit knowledge through unified prompt reasoning. Furthermore, our model incorporates type-specific reasoning via prompts, a form of implicit knowledge. Experimental results show that PEI performs comparably to the state-of-the-art on HotpotQA. Ablation studies confirm the efficacy of our model in bridging and integrating explicit and implicit knowledge.

Automatic Detection of Industry Sectors in Legal Articles Using Machine Learning Approaches

The ability to automatically identify industry sector coverage in articles on legal developments, or any kind of news articles for that matter, can bring plentiful of benefits both to the readers and the content creators themselves. By having articles tagged based on industry coverage, readers from all around the world would be able to get to legal news that are specific to their region and professional industry. Simultaneously, writers would benefit from understanding which industries potentially lack coverage or which industries readers are currently mostly interested in and thus, they would focus their writing efforts towards more inclusive and relevant legal news coverage. In this paper, a Machine Learning-powered industry analysis approach which combined Natural Language Processing (NLP) with Statistical and Machine Learning (ML) techniques was investigated. A dataset consisting of over 1,700 annotated legal articles was created for the identification of six industry sectors. Text and legal based features were extracted from the text. Both traditional ML methods (e.g. gradient boosting machine algorithms, and decision-tree based algorithms) and deep neural network (e.g. transformer models) were applied for performance comparison of predictive models. The system achieved promising results with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve scores above 0.90 and F-scores above 0.81 with respect to the six industry sectors. The experimental results show that the suggested automated industry analysis which employs ML techniques allows the processing of large collections of text data in an easy, efficient, and scalable way. Traditional ML methods perform better than deep neural networks when only a small and domain-specific training data is available for the study.

Full-Velocity Radar Returns by Radar-Camera Fusion

A distinctive feature of Doppler radar is the measurement of velocity in the radial direction for radar points. However, the missing tangential velocity component hampers object velocity estimation as well as temporal integration of radar sweeps in dynamic scenes. Recognizing that fusing camera with radar provides complementary information to radar, in this paper we present a closed-form solution for the point-wise, full-velocity estimate of Doppler returns using the corresponding optical flow from camera images. Additionally, we address the association problem between radar returns and camera images with a neural network that is trained to estimate radar-camera correspondences. Experimental results on the nuScenes dataset verify the validity of the method and show significant improvements over the state-of-the-art in velocity estimation and accumulation of radar points.

DuCN: Dual-children Network for Medical Diagnosis and Similar Case Recommendation towards COVID-19

Early detection of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) helps to treat patients timely and increase the cure rate, thus further suppressing the spread of the disease. In this study, we propose a novel deep learning based detection and similar case recommendation network to help control the epidemic. Our proposed network contains two stages: the first one is a lung region segmentation step and is used to exclude irrelevant factors, and the second is a detection and recommendation stage. Under this framework, in the second stage, we develop a dual-children network (DuCN) based on a pre-trained ResNet-18 to simultaneously realize the disease diagnosis and similar case recommendation. Besides, we employ triplet loss and intrapulmonary distance maps to assist the detection, which helps incorporate tiny differences between two images and is conducive to improving the diagnostic accuracy. For each confirmed COVID-19 case, we give similar cases to provide radiologists with diagnosis and treatment references. We conduct experiments on a large publicly available dataset (CC-CCII) and compare the proposed model with state-of-the-art COVID-19 detection methods. The results show that our proposed model achieves a promising clinical performance.