On the detection of Out-Of-Distribution samples in Multiple Instance Learning

The deployment of machine learning solutions in real-world scenarios often involves addressing the challenge of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. While significant efforts have been devoted to OOD detection in classical supervised settings, the context of weakly supervised learning, particularly the Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) framework, remains under-explored. In this study, we tackle this challenge by adapting post-hoc OOD detection methods to the MIL setting while introducing a novel benchmark specifically designed to assess OOD detection performance in weakly supervised scenarios. Extensive experiments based on diverse public datasets do not reveal a single method with a clear advantage over the others. Although DICE emerges as the best-performing method overall, it exhibits significant shortcomings on some datasets, emphasizing the complexity of this under-explored and challenging topic. Our findings shed light on the complex nature of OOD detection under the MIL framework, emphasizing the importance of developing novel, robust, and reliable methods that can generalize effectively in a weakly supervised context. The code for the paper is available here: https://github.com/loic-lb/OOD_MIL.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Patient-Derived Organoid Videos Using Deep Learning for the Prediction of Drug Efficacy

Over the last ten years, Patient-Derived Organoids (PDOs) emerged as the most reliable technology to generate ex-vivo tumor avatars. PDOs retain the main characteristics of their original tumor, making them a system of choice for pre-clinical and clinical studies. In particular, PDOs are attracting interest in the field of Functional Precision Medicine (FPM), which is based upon an ex-vivo drug test in which living tumor cells (such as PDOs) from a specific patient are exposed to a panel of anti-cancer drugs. Currently, the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) based cell viability assay is the gold standard test to assess the sensitivity of PDOs to drugs. The readout is measured at the end of the assay from a global PDO population and therefore does not capture single PDO responses and does not provide time resolution of drug effect. To this end, in this study, we explore for the first time the use of powerful large foundation models for the automatic processing of PDO data. In particular, we propose a novel imaging-based high-throughput screening method to assess real-time drug efficacy from a time-lapse microscopy video of PDOs. The recently proposed SAM algorithm for segmentation and DINOv2 model are adapted in a comprehensive pipeline for processing PDO microscopy frames. Moreover, an attention mechanism is proposed for fusing temporal and spatial features in a multiple instance learning setting to predict ATP. We report better results than other non-time-resolved methods, indicating that the temporality of data is an important factor for the prediction of ATP. Extensive ablations shed light on optimizing the experimental setting and automating the prediction both in real-time and for forecasting.

Structured State Space Models for Multiple Instance Learning in Digital Pathology

Multiple instance learning is an ideal mode of analysis for histopathology data, where vast whole slide images are typically annotated with a single global label. In such cases, a whole slide image is modelled as a collection of tissue patches to be aggregated and classified. Common models for performing this classification include recurrent neural networks and transformers. Although powerful compression algorithms, such as deep pre-trained neural networks, are used to reduce the dimensionality of each patch, the sequences arising from whole slide images remain excessively long, routinely containing tens of thousands of patches. Structured state space models are an emerging alternative for sequence modelling, specifically designed for the efficient modelling of long sequences. These models invoke an optimal projection of an input sequence into memory units that compress the entire sequence. In this paper, we propose the use of state space models as a multiple instance learner to a variety of problems in digital pathology. Across experiments in metastasis detection, cancer subtyping, mutation classification, and multitask learning, we demonstrate the competitiveness of this new class of models with existing state of the art approaches. Our code is available at https://github.com/MICS-Lab/s4_digital_pathology.

Artifact Removal in Histopathology Images

In the clinical setting of histopathology, whole-slide image (WSI) artifacts frequently arise, distorting regions of interest, and having a pernicious impact on WSI analysis. Image-to-image translation networks such as CycleGANs are in principle capable of learning an artifact removal function from unpaired data. However, we identify a surjection problem with artifact removal, and propose an weakly-supervised extension to CycleGAN to address this. We assemble a pan-cancer dataset comprising artifact and clean tiles from the TCGA database. Promising results highlight the soundness of our method.

Region-guided CycleGANs for Stain Transfer in Whole Slide Images

In whole slide imaging, commonly used staining techniques based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains accentuate different aspects of the tissue landscape. In the case of detecting metastases, IHC provides a distinct readout that is readily interpretable by pathologists. IHC, however, is a more expensive approach and not available at all medical centers. Virtually generating IHC images from H&E using deep neural networks thus becomes an attractive alternative. Deep generative models such as CycleGANs learn a semantically-consistent mapping between two image domains, while emulating the textural properties of each domain. They are therefore a suitable choice for stain transfer applications. However, they remain fully unsupervised, and possess no mechanism for enforcing biological consistency in stain transfer. In this paper, we propose an extension to CycleGANs in the form of a region of interest discriminator. This allows the CycleGAN to learn from unpaired datasets where, in addition, there is a partial annotation of objects for which one wishes to enforce consistency. We present a use case on whole slide images, where an IHC stain provides an experimentally generated signal for metastatic cells. We demonstrate the superiority of our approach over prior art in stain transfer on histopathology tiles over two datasets. Our code and model are available at https://github.com/jcboyd/miccai2022-roigan.

Self-Supervised Representation Learning using Visual Field Expansion on Digital Pathology

The examination of histopathology images is considered to be the gold standard for the diagnosis and stratification of cancer patients. A key challenge in the analysis of such images is their size, which can run into the gigapixels and can require tedious screening by clinicians. With the recent advances in computational medicine, automatic tools have been proposed to assist clinicians in their everyday practice. Such tools typically process these large images by slicing them into tiles that can then be encoded and utilized for different clinical models. In this study, we propose a novel generative framework that can learn powerful representations for such tiles by learning to plausibly expand their visual field. In particular, we developed a progressively grown generative model with the objective of visual field expansion. Thus trained, our model learns to generate different tissue types with fine details, while simultaneously learning powerful representations that can be used for different clinical endpoints, all in a self-supervised way. To evaluate the performance of our model, we conducted classification experiments on CAMELYON17 and CRC benchmark datasets, comparing favorably to other self-supervised and pre-trained strategies that are commonly used in digital pathology. Our code is available at https://github.com/jcboyd/cdpath21-gan.

Exploring Deep Registration Latent Spaces

Explainability of deep neural networks is one of the most challenging and interesting problems in the field. In this study, we investigate the topic focusing on the interpretability of deep learning-based registration methods. In particular, with the appropriate model architecture and using a simple linear projection, we decompose the encoding space, generating a new basis, and we empirically show that this basis captures various decomposed anatomically aware geometrical transformations. We perform experiments using two different datasets focusing on lungs and hippocampus MRI. We show that such an approach can decompose the highly convoluted latent spaces of registration pipelines in an orthogonal space with several interesting properties. We hope that this work could shed some light on a better understanding of deep learning-based registration methods.

Self-Supervised Nuclei Segmentation in Histopathological Images Using Attention

Segmentation and accurate localization of nuclei in histopathological images is a very challenging problem, with most existing approaches adopting a supervised strategy. These methods usually rely on manual annotations that require a lot of time and effort from medical experts. In this study, we present a self-supervised approach for segmentation of nuclei for whole slide histopathology images. Our method works on the assumption that the size and texture of nuclei can determine the magnification at which a patch is extracted. We show that the identification of the magnification level for tiles can generate a preliminary self-supervision signal to locate nuclei. We further show that by appropriately constraining our model it is possible to retrieve meaningful segmentation maps as an auxiliary output to the primary magnification identification task. Our experiments show that with standard post-processing, our method can outperform other unsupervised nuclei segmentation approaches and report similar performance with supervised ones on the publicly available MoNuSeg dataset. Our code and models are available online to facilitate further research.

AI-Driven CT-based quantification, staging and short-term outcome prediction of COVID-19 pneumonia

Chest computed tomography (CT) is widely used for the management of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia because of its availability and rapidity. The standard of reference for confirming COVID-19 relies on microbiological tests but these tests might not be available in an emergency setting and their results are not immediately available, contrary to CT. In addition to its role for early diagnosis, CT has a prognostic role by allowing visually evaluating the extent of COVID-19 lung abnormalities. The objective of this study is to address prediction of short-term outcomes, especially need for mechanical ventilation. In this multi-centric study, we propose an end-to-end artificial intelligence solution for automatic quantification and prognosis assessment by combining automatic CT delineation of lung disease meeting performance of experts and data-driven identification of biomarkers for its prognosis. AI-driven combination of variables with CT-based biomarkers offers perspectives for optimal patient management given the shortage of intensive care beds and ventilators.

An Artificial Intelligence-Based System to Assess Nutrient Intake for Hospitalised Patients

Regular monitoring of nutrient intake in hospitalised patients plays a critical role in reducing the risk of disease-related malnutrition. Although several methods to estimate nutrient intake have been developed, there is still a clear demand for a more reliable and fully automated technique, as this could improve data accuracy and reduce both the burden on participants and health costs. In this paper, we propose a novel system based on artificial intelligence (AI) to accurately estimate nutrient intake, by simply processing RGB Depth (RGB-D) image pairs captured before and after meal consumption. The system includes a novel multi-task contextual network for food segmentation, a few-shot learning-based classifier built by limited training samples for food recognition, and an algorithm for 3D surface construction. This allows sequential food segmentation, recognition, and estimation of the consumed food volume, permitting fully automatic estimation of the nutrient intake for each meal. For the development and evaluation of the system, a dedicated new database containing images and nutrient recipes of 322 meals is assembled, coupled to data annotation using innovative strategies. Experimental results demonstrate that the estimated nutrient intake is highly correlated (> 0.91) to the ground truth and shows very small mean relative errors (< 20%), outperforming existing techniques proposed for nutrient intake assessment.