NeRAF: 3D Scene Infused Neural Radiance and Acoustic Fields

Sound plays a major role in human perception, providing essential scene information alongside vision for understanding our environment. Despite progress in neural implicit representations, learning acoustics that match a visual scene is still challenging. We propose NeRAF, a method that jointly learns acoustic and radiance fields. NeRAF is designed as a Nerfstudio module for convenient access to realistic audio-visual generation. It synthesizes both novel views and spatialized audio at new positions, leveraging radiance field capabilities to condition the acoustic field with 3D scene information. At inference, each modality can be rendered independently and at spatially separated positions, providing greater versatility. We demonstrate the advantages of our method on the SoundSpaces dataset. NeRAF achieves substantial performance improvements over previous works while being more data-efficient. Furthermore, NeRAF enhances novel view synthesis of complex scenes trained with sparse data through cross-modal learning.

Mesoscale Traffic Forecasting for Real-Time Bottleneck and Shockwave Prediction

Accurate real-time traffic state forecasting plays a pivotal role in traffic control research. In particular, the CIRCLES consortium project necessitates predictive techniques to mitigate the impact of data source delays. After the success of the MegaVanderTest experiment, this paper aims at overcoming the current system limitations and develop a more suited approach to improve the real-time traffic state estimation for the next iterations of the experiment. In this paper, we introduce the SA-LSTM, a deep forecasting method integrating Self-Attention (SA) on the spatial dimension with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) yielding state-of-the-art results in real-time mesoscale traffic forecasting. We extend this approach to multi-step forecasting with the n-step SA-LSTM, which outperforms traditional multi-step forecasting methods in the trade-off between short-term and long-term predictions, all while operating in real-time.

MBAPPE: MCTS-Built-Around Prediction for Planning Explicitly

We present MBAPPE, a novel approach to motion planning for autonomous driving combining tree search with a partially-learned model of the environment. Leveraging the inherent explainable exploration and optimization capabilities of the Monte-Carlo Search Tree (MCTS), our method addresses complex decision-making in a dynamic environment. We propose a framework that combines MCTS with supervised learning, enabling the autonomous vehicle to effectively navigate through diverse scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and adaptability of our approach, showcasing improved real-time decision-making and collision avoidance. This paper contributes to the field by providing a robust solution for motion planning in autonomous driving systems, enhancing their explainability and reliability.

The Audio-Visual BatVision Dataset for Research on Sight and Sound

Vision research showed remarkable success in understanding our world, propelled by datasets of images and videos. Sensor data from radar, LiDAR and cameras supports research in robotics and autonomous driving for at least a decade. However, while visual sensors may fail in some conditions, sound has recently shown potential to complement sensor data. Simulated room impulse responses (RIR) in 3D apartment-models became a benchmark dataset for the community, fostering a range of audiovisual research. In simulation, depth is predictable from sound, by learning bat-like perception with a neural network. Concurrently, the same was achieved in reality by using RGB-D images and echoes of chirping sounds. Biomimicking bat perception is an exciting new direction but needs dedicated datasets to explore the potential. Therefore, we collected the BatVision dataset to provide large-scale echoes in complex real-world scenes to the community. We equipped a robot with a speaker to emit chirps and a binaural microphone to record their echoes. Synchronized RGB-D images from the same perspective provide visual labels of traversed spaces. We sampled modern US office spaces to historic French university grounds, indoor and outdoor with large architectural variety. This dataset will allow research on robot echolocation, general audio-visual tasks and sound phaenomena unavailable in simulated data. We show promising results for audio-only depth prediction and show how state-of-the-art work developed for simulated data can also succeed on our dataset. The data can be downloaded at https://forms.gle/W6xtshMgoXGZDwsE7

GRI: General Reinforced Imitation and its Application to Vision-Based Autonomous Driving

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been demonstrated to be effective for several complex decision-making applications such as autonomous driving and robotics. However, DRL is notoriously limited by its high sample complexity and its lack of stability. Prior knowledge, e.g. as expert demonstrations, is often available but challenging to leverage to mitigate these issues. In this paper, we propose General Reinforced Imitation (GRI), a novel method which combines benefits from exploration and expert data and is straightforward to implement over any off-policy RL algorithm. We make one simplifying hypothesis: expert demonstrations can be seen as perfect data whose underlying policy gets a constant high reward. Based on this assumption, GRI introduces the notion of offline demonstration agents. This agent sends expert data which are processed both concurrently and indistinguishably with the experiences coming from the online RL exploration agent. We show that our approach enables major improvements on vision-based autonomous driving in urban environments. We further validate the GRI method on Mujoco continuous control tasks with different off-policy RL algorithms. Our method ranked first on the CARLA Leaderboard and outperforms World on Rails, the previous state-of-the-art, by 17%.

Unsupervised Discriminative Learning of Sounds for Audio Event Classification

Recent progress in network-based audio event classification has shown the benefit of pre-training models on visual data such as ImageNet. While this process allows knowledge transfer across different domains, training a model on large-scale visual datasets is time consuming. On several audio event classification benchmarks, we show a fast and effective alternative that pre-trains the model unsupervised, only on audio data and yet delivers on-par performance with ImageNet pre-training. Furthermore, we show that our discriminative audio learning can be used to transfer knowledge across audio datasets and optionally include ImageNet pre-training.

BatVision with GCC-PHAT Features for Better Sound to Vision Predictions

Inspired by sophisticated echolocation abilities found in nature, we train a generative adversarial network to predict plausible depth maps and grayscale layouts from sound. To achieve this, our sound-to-vision model processes binaural echo-returns from chirping sounds. We build upon previous work with BatVision that consists of a sound-to-vision model and a self-collected dataset using our mobile robot and low-cost hardware. We improve on the previous model by introducing several changes to the model, which leads to a better depth and grayscale estimation, and increased perceptual quality. Rather than using raw binaural waveforms as input, we generate generalized cross-correlation (GCC) features and use these as input instead. In addition, we change the model generator and base it on residual learning and use spectral normalization in the discriminator. We compare and present both quantitative and qualitative improvements over our previous BatVision model.

BatVision: Learning to See 3D Spatial Layout with Two Ears

Virtual camera images showing the correct layout of a space ahead can be generated by purely listening to the reflections of chirping sounds. Many species evolved sophisticated non-visual perception while artificial systems fall behind. Radar and ultrasound are used where cameras fail, but provide very limited information or require large, complex and expensive sensors. Yet sound is used effortlessly by dolphins, bats, wales and humans as a sensor modality with many advantages over vision. However, it is challenging to harness useful and detailed information for machine perception. We train a network to generate representations of the world in 2D and 3D only from sounds, sent by one speaker and captured by two microphones. Inspired by examples from nature, we emit short frequency modulated sound chirps and record returning echoes through an artificial human pinnae pair. We then learn to generate disparity-like depth maps and grayscale images from the echoes in an end-to-end fashion. With only low-cost equipment, our models show good reconstruction performance while being robust to errors and even overcoming limitations of our vision-based ground truth. Finally, we introduce a large dataset consisting of binaural sound signals synchronised in time with both RGB images and depth maps.

Learning to Roam Free from Small-Space Autonomous Driving with A Path Planner

Modern autonomous driving algorithms often rely on learning the mapping from visual inputs to steering actions from human driving data in a variety of scenarios and visual scenes. The required data collection is not only labor intensive, but such data are often noisy, inconsistent, and inflexible, as there is no differentiation between good and bad drivers, or between different driving intentions. We propose a new autonomous driving approach that learns roaming skills from an optimal path planner. Our model car practices reaching random target locations in a small room with obstacles, by following the optimal trajectory and executing the steering actions decided by a planner. We learn the associations of driving behaviours with depth images, instead of raw color images of the visual scene. This more universal spatial representation allows the learned driving skills to transfer immediately to novel environments with different visual appearances. Our model car trained in a simple room, void of many visual features, demonstrates surprisingly good driving performance in a cluttered office environment, avoiding collisions with novel obstacles and unseen layouts of drive-able space. Its performance on outdoor curbside driving is also on par with human driving.

Fast Recurrent Fully Convolutional Networks for Direct Perception in Autonomous Driving

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been shown to perform extremely well at a variety of tasks including subtasks of autonomous driving such as image segmentation and object classification. However, networks designed for these tasks typically require vast quantities of training data and long training periods to converge. We investigate the design rationale behind end-to-end driving network designs by proposing and comparing three small and computationally inexpensive deep end-to-end neural network models that generate driving control signals directly from input images. In contrast to prior work that segments the autonomous driving task, our models take on a novel approach to the autonomous driving problem by utilizing deep and thin Fully Convolutional Nets (FCNs) with recurrent neural nets and low parameter counts to tackle a complex end-to-end regression task predicting both steering and acceleration commands. In addition, we include layers optimized for classification to allow the networks to implicitly learn image semantics. We show that the resulting networks use 3x fewer parameters than the most recent comparable end-to-end driving network and 500x fewer parameters than the AlexNet variations and converge both faster and to lower losses while maintaining robustness against overfitting.