Unseen Attack Detection in Software-Defined Networking Using a BERT-Based Large Language Model

Software defined networking (SDN) represents a transformative shift in network architecture by decoupling the control plane from the data plane, enabling centralized and flexible management of network resources. However, this architectural shift introduces significant security challenges, as SDN's centralized control becomes an attractive target for various types of attacks. While current research has yielded valuable insights into attack detection in SDN, critical gaps remain. Addressing challenges in feature selection, broadening the scope beyond DDoS attacks, strengthening attack decisions based on multi flow analysis, and building models capable of detecting unseen attacks that they have not been explicitly trained on are essential steps toward advancing security in SDN. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach that leverages Natural Language Processing (NLP) and the pre trained BERT base model to enhance attack detection in SDN. Our approach transforms network flow data into a format interpretable by language models, allowing BERT to capture intricate patterns and relationships within network traffic. By using Random Forest for feature selection, we optimize model performance and reduce computational overhead, ensuring accurate detection. Attack decisions are made based on several flows, providing stronger and more reliable detection of malicious traffic. Furthermore, our approach is specifically designed to detect previously unseen attacks, offering a solution for identifying threats that the model was not explicitly trained on. To rigorously evaluate our approach, we conducted experiments in two scenarios: one focused on detecting known attacks, achieving 99.96% accuracy, and another on detecting unseen attacks, where our model achieved 99.96% accuracy, demonstrating the robustness of our approach in detecting evolving threats to improve the security of SDN networks.

A deep-learning-based MAC for integrating channel access, rate adaptation and channel switch

With increasing density and heterogeneity in unlicensed wireless networks, traditional MAC protocols, such as carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) in Wi-Fi networks, are experiencing performance degradation. This is manifested in increased collisions and extended backoff times, leading to diminished spectrum efficiency and protocol coordination. Addressing these issues, this paper proposes a deep-learning-based MAC paradigm, dubbed DL-MAC, which leverages spectrum sensing data readily available from energy detection modules in wireless devices to achieve the MAC functionalities of channel access, rate adaptation and channel switch. First, we utilize DL-MAC to realize a joint design of channel access and rate adaptation. Subsequently, we integrate the capability of channel switch into DL-MAC, enhancing its functionality from single-channel to multi-channel operation. Specifically, the DL-MAC protocol incorporates a deep neural network (DNN) for channel selection and a recurrent neural network (RNN) for the joint design of channel access and rate adaptation. We conducted real-world data collection within the 2.4 GHz frequency band to validate the effectiveness of DL-MAC, and our experiments reveal that DL-MAC exhibits superior performance over traditional algorithms in both single and multi-channel environments and also outperforms single-function approaches in terms of overall performance. Additionally, the performance of DL-MAC remains robust, unaffected by channel switch overhead within the evaluated range.

WaveletFormerNet: A Transformer-based Wavelet Network for Real-world Non-homogeneous and Dense Fog Removal

Although deep convolutional neural networks have achieved remarkable success in removing synthetic fog, it is essential to be able to process images taken in complex foggy conditions, such as dense or non-homogeneous fog, in the real world. However, the haze distribution in the real world is complex, and downsampling can lead to color distortion or loss of detail in the output results as the resolution of a feature map or image resolution decreases. In addition to the challenges of obtaining sufficient training data, overfitting can also arise in deep learning techniques for foggy image processing, which can limit the generalization abilities of the model, posing challenges for its practical applications in real-world scenarios. Considering these issues, this paper proposes a Transformer-based wavelet network (WaveletFormerNet) for real-world foggy image recovery. We embed the discrete wavelet transform into the Vision Transformer by proposing the WaveletFormer and IWaveletFormer blocks, aiming to alleviate texture detail loss and color distortion in the image due to downsampling. We introduce parallel convolution in the Transformer block, which allows for the capture of multi-frequency information in a lightweight mechanism. Additionally, we have implemented a feature aggregation module (FAM) to maintain image resolution and enhance the feature extraction capacity of our model, further contributing to its impressive performance in real-world foggy image recovery tasks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our WaveletFormerNet performs better than state-of-the-art methods, as shown through quantitative and qualitative evaluations of minor model complexity. Additionally, our satisfactory results on real-world dust removal and application tests showcase the superior generalization ability and improved performance of WaveletFormerNet in computer vision-related applications.

DedustNet: A Frequency-dominated Swin Transformer-based Wavelet Network for Agricultural Dust Removal

While dust significantly affects the environmental perception of automated agricultural machines, the existing deep learning-based methods for dust removal require further research and improvement in this area to improve the performance and reliability of automated agricultural machines in agriculture. We propose an end-to-end trainable learning network (DedustNet) to solve the real-world agricultural dust removal task. To our knowledge, DedustNet is the first time Swin Transformer-based units have been used in wavelet networks for agricultural image dusting. Specifically, we present the frequency-dominated block (DWTFormer block and IDWTFormer block) by adding a spatial features aggregation scheme (SFAS) to the Swin Transformer and combining it with the wavelet transform, the DWTFormer block and IDWTFormer block, alleviating the limitation of the global receptive field of Swin Transformer when dealing with complex dusty backgrounds. Furthermore, We propose a cross-level information fusion module to fuse different levels of features and effectively capture global and long-range feature relationships. In addition, we present a dilated convolution module to capture contextual information guided by wavelet transform at multiple scales, which combines the advantages of wavelet transform and dilated convolution. Our algorithm leverages deep learning techniques to effectively remove dust from images while preserving the original structural and textural features. Compared to existing state-of-the-art methods, DedustNet achieves superior performance and more reliable results in agricultural image dedusting, providing strong support for the application of agricultural machinery in dusty environments. Additionally, the impressive performance on real-world hazy datasets and application tests highlights DedustNet superior generalization ability and computer vision-related application performance.

Adaptive Task Offloading for Space Missions: A State-Graph-Based Approach

Advances in space exploration have led to an explosion of tasks. Conventionally, these tasks are offloaded to ground servers for enhanced computing capability, or to adjacent low-earth-orbit satellites for reduced transmission delay. However, the overall delay is determined by both computation and transmission costs. The existing offloading schemes, while being highly-optimized for either costs, can be abysmal for the overall performance. The computation-transmission cost dilemma is yet to be solved. In this paper, we propose an adaptive offloading scheme to reduce the overall delay. The core idea is to jointly model and optimize the transmission-computation process over the entire network. Specifically, to represent the computation state migrations, we generalize graph nodes with multiple states. In this way, the joint optimization problem is transformed into a shortest path problem over the state graph. We further provide an extended Dijkstra's algorithm for efficient path finding. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the ground and one-hop offloading schemes by up to 37.56% and 39.35% respectively on SpaceCube v2.0.

Energy-Efficient Beamforming and Resource Optimization for AmBSC-Assisted Cooperative NOMA IoT Networks

In this manuscript, we present an energy-efficient alternating optimization framework based on the multi-antenna ambient backscatter communication (AmBSC) assisted cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for next-generation (NG) internet-of-things (IoT) enabled communication networks. Specifically, the energy-efficiency maximization is achieved for the considered AmBSC-enabled multi-cluster cooperative IoT NOMA system by optimizing the active-beamforming vector and power-allocation coefficients (PAC) of IoT NOMA users at the transmitter, as well as passive-beamforming vector at the multi-antenna assisted backscatter node. Usually, increasing the number of IoT NOMA users in each cluster results in inter-cluster interference (ICI) (among different clusters) and intra-cluster interference (among IoT NOMA users). To combat the impact of ICI, we exploit a zero-forcing (ZF) based active-beamforming, as well as an efficient clustering technique at the source node. Further, the effect of intra-cluster interference is mitigated by exploiting an efficient power-allocation policy that determines the PAC of IoT NOMA users under the quality-of-service (QoS), cooperation, SIC decoding, and power-budget constraints. Moreover, the considered non-convex passive-beamforming problem is transformed into a standard semi-definite programming (SDP) problem by exploiting the successive-convex approximation (SCA) approximation, as well as the difference of convex (DC) programming, where Rank-1 solution of passive-beamforming is obtained based on the penalty-based method. Furthermore, the numerical analysis of simulation results demonstrates that the proposed energy-efficiency maximization algorithm exhibits an efficient performance by achieving convergence within only a few iterations.

Energy Efficiency Maximization for Backscatter-Enabled Coded-Cooperative NOMA Under Imperfect SIC

In this manuscript, we propose an optimization framework to maximize the energy efficiency of the BSC-enabled cooperative NOMA system under imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding at the receiver. Specifically, the energy efficiency of the system is maximized by optimizing the transmit power of the source, power allocation coefficients (PAC) of NOMA users, and power of the relay node. A low-complexity energy-efficient alternating optimization framework is introduced which simultaneously optimizes the transmit power of the source, PAC, and power of the relay node by considering the quality of service (QoS), power budget, and cooperation constraints under the imperfect SIC decoding. Subsequently, a joint channel coding framework is provided to enhance the performance of far user which has no direct communication link with the base station (BS) and has bad channel conditions. In the destination node, the far user data is jointly decoded using a Sum-product algorithm (SPA) based joint iterative decoder realized by jointly-designed Quasi-cyclic Low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes obtained from cyclic balanced sampling plans excluding contiguous units (CBSEC). Simulation results evince that the proposed BSC-enabled cooperative NOMA system outperforms its counterpart by providing an efficient performance in terms of energy efficiency. Also, proposed jointly-designed QC-LDPC codes provide an excellent bit-error-rate (BER) performance by jointly decoding the far user data for considered BSC cooperative NOMA system with only a few decoding iterations under Rayleigh-fading transmission.

Quality-aware Part Models for Occluded Person Re-identification

Occlusion poses a major challenge for person re-identification (ReID). Existing approaches typically rely on outside tools to infer visible body parts, which may be suboptimal in terms of both computational efficiency and ReID accuracy. In particular, they may fail when facing complex occlusions, such as those between pedestrians. Accordingly, in this paper, we propose a novel method named Quality-aware Part Models (QPM) for occlusion-robust ReID. First, we propose to jointly learn part features and predict part quality scores. As no quality annotation is available, we introduce a strategy that automatically assigns low scores to occluded body parts, thereby weakening the impact of occluded body parts on ReID results. Second, based on the predicted part quality scores, we propose a novel identity-aware spatial attention (ISA) module. In this module, a coarse identity-aware feature is utilized to highlight pixels of the target pedestrian, so as to handle the occlusion between pedestrians. Third, we design an adaptive and efficient approach for generating global features from common non-occluded regions with respect to each image pair. This design is crucial, but is often ignored by existing methods. QPM has three key advantages: 1) it does not rely on any outside tools in either the training or inference stages; 2) it handles occlusions caused by both objects and other pedestrians;3) it is highly computationally efficient. Experimental results on four popular databases for occluded ReID demonstrate that QPM consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods by significant margins. The code of QPM will be released.

PNC Enabled IIoT: A General Framework for Channel-Coded Asymmetric Physical-Layer Network Coding

This paper investigates the application of physical-layer network coding (PNC) to Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) where a controller and a robot are out of each other's transmission range, and they exchange messages with the assistance of a relay. We particularly focus on a scenario where the controller has more transmitted information, and the channel of the controller is stronger than that of the robot. To reduce the communication latency, we propose an asymmetric transmission scheme where the controller and robot transmit different amount of information in the uplink of PNC simultaneously. To achieve this, the controller chooses a higher order modulation. In addition, the both users apply channel codes to guarantee the reliability. A problem is a superimposed symbol at the relay contains different amount of source information from the two end users. It is thus hard for the relay to deduce meaningful network-coded messages by applying the current PNC decoding techniques which require the end users to transmit the same amount of information. To solve this problem, we propose a lattice-based scheme where the two users encode-and-modulate their information in lattices with different lattice construction levels. Our design is versatile on that the two end users can freely choose their modulation orders based on their channel power, and the design is applicable for arbitrary channel codes.

Detection of Insider Attacks in Distributed Projected Subgradient Algorithms

The gossip-based distributed algorithms are widely used to solve decentralized optimization problems in various multi-agent applications, while they are generally vulnerable to data injection attacks by internal malicious agents as each agent locally estimates its decent direction without an authorized supervision. In this work, we explore the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to detect internal attacks. We show that a general neural network is particularly suitable for detecting and localizing the malicious agents, as they can effectively explore nonlinear relationship underlying the collected data. Moreover, we propose to adopt one of the state-of-art approaches in federated learning, i.e., a collaborative peer-to-peer machine learning protocol, to facilitate training our neural network models by gossip exchanges. This advanced approach is expected to make our model more robust to challenges with insufficient training data, or mismatched test data. In our simulations, a least-squared problem is considered to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of AI-based methods. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AI-based methods are beneficial to improve performance of detecting and localizing malicious agents over score-based methods, and the peer-to-peer neural network model is indeed robust to target issues.