Integrated Intention Prediction and Decision-Making with Spectrum Attention Net and Proximal Policy Optimization

For autonomous driving in highly dynamic environments, it is anticipated to predict the future behaviors of surrounding vehicles (SVs) and make safe and effective decisions. However, modeling the inherent coupling effect between the prediction and decision-making modules has been a long-standing challenge, especially when there is a need to maintain appropriate computational efficiency. To tackle these problems, we propose a novel integrated intention prediction and decision-making approach, which explicitly models the coupling relationship and achieves efficient computation. Specifically, a spectrum attention net is designed to predict the intentions of SVs by capturing the trends of each frequency component over time and their interrelations. Fast computation of the intention prediction module is attained as the predicted intentions are not decoded to trajectories in the executing process. Furthermore, the proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm is employed to address the non-stationary problem in the framework through a modest policy update enabled by a clipping mechanism within its objective function. On the basis of these developments, the intention prediction and decision-making modules are integrated through joint learning. Experiments are conducted in representative traffic scenarios, and the results reveal that the proposed integrated framework demonstrates superior performance over several deep reinforcement learning (DRL) baselines in terms of success rate, efficiency, and safety in driving tasks.

Reward-Driven Automated Curriculum Learning for Interaction-Aware Self-Driving at Unsignalized Intersections

In this work, we present a reward-driven automated curriculum reinforcement learning approach for interaction-aware self-driving at unsignalized intersections, taking into account the uncertainties associated with surrounding vehicles (SVs). These uncertainties encompass the uncertainty of SVs' driving intention and also the quantity of SVs. To deal with this problem, the curriculum set is specifically designed to accommodate a progressively increasing number of SVs. By implementing an automated curriculum selection mechanism, the importance weights are rationally allocated across various curricula, thereby facilitating improved sample efficiency and training outcomes. Furthermore, the reward function is meticulously designed to guide the agent towards effective policy exploration. Thus the proposed framework could proactively address the above uncertainties at unsignalized intersections by employing the automated curriculum learning technique that progressively increases task difficulty, and this ensures safe self-driving through effective interaction with SVs. Comparative experiments are conducted in $Highway\_Env$, and the results indicate that our approach achieves the highest task success rate, attains strong robustness to initialization parameters of the curriculum selection module, and exhibits superior adaptability to diverse situational configurations at unsignalized intersections. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated using the high-fidelity CARLA simulator.

Incremental Bayesian Learning for Fail-Operational Control in Autonomous Driving

Abrupt maneuvers by surrounding vehicles (SVs) can typically lead to safety concerns and affect the task efficiency of the ego vehicle (EV), especially with model uncertainties stemming from environmental disturbances. This paper presents a real-time fail-operational controller that ensures the asymptotic convergence of an uncertain EV to a safe state, while preserving task efficiency in dynamic environments. An incremental Bayesian learning approach is developed to facilitate online learning and inference of changing environmental disturbances. Leveraging disturbance quantification and constraint transformation, we develop a stochastic fail-operational barrier based on the control barrier function (CBF). With this development, the uncertain EV is able to converge asymptotically from an unsafe state to a defined safe state with probabilistic stability. Subsequently, the stochastic fail-operational barrier is integrated into an efficient fail-operational controller based on quadratic programming (QP). This controller is tailored for the EV operating under control constraints in the presence of environmental disturbances, with both safety and efficiency objectives taken into consideration. We validate the proposed framework in connected cruise control (CCC) tasks, where SVs perform aggressive driving maneuvers. The simulation results demonstrate that our method empowers the EV to swiftly return to a safe state while upholding task efficiency in real time, even under time-varying environmental disturbances.

Real-Time Parallel Trajectory Optimization with Spatiotemporal Safety Constraints for Autonomous Driving in Congested Traffic

Multi-modal behaviors exhibited by surrounding vehicles (SVs) can typically lead to traffic congestion and reduce the travel efficiency of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in dense traffic. This paper proposes a real-time parallel trajectory optimization method for the AV to achieve high travel efficiency in dynamic and congested environments. A spatiotemporal safety module is developed to facilitate the safe interaction between the AV and SVs in the presence of trajectory prediction errors resulting from the multi-modal behaviors of the SVs. By leveraging multiple shooting and constraint transcription, we transform the trajectory optimization problem into a nonlinear programming problem, which allows for the use of optimization solvers and parallel computing techniques to generate multiple feasible trajectories in parallel. Subsequently, these spatiotemporal trajectories are fed into a multi-objective evaluation module considering both safety and efficiency objectives, such that the optimal feasible trajectory corresponding to the optimal target lane can be selected. The proposed framework is validated through simulations in a dense and congested driving scenario with multiple uncertain SVs. The results demonstrate that our method enables the AV to safely navigate through a dense and congested traffic scenario while achieving high travel efficiency and task accuracy in real time.

Curriculum Proximal Policy Optimization with Stage-Decaying Clipping for Self-Driving at Unsignalized Intersections

Unsignalized intersections are typically considered as one of the most representative and challenging scenarios for self-driving vehicles. To tackle autonomous driving problems in such scenarios, this paper proposes a curriculum proximal policy optimization (CPPO) framework with stage-decaying clipping. By adjusting the clipping parameter during different stages of training through proximal policy optimization (PPO), the vehicle can first rapidly search for an approximate optimal policy or its neighborhood with a large parameter, and then converges to the optimal policy with a small one. Particularly, the stage-based curriculum learning technology is incorporated into the proposed framework to improve the generalization performance and further accelerate the training process. Moreover, the reward function is specially designed in view of different curriculum settings. A series of comparative experiments are conducted in intersection-crossing scenarios with bi-lane carriageways to verify the effectiveness of the proposed CPPO method. The results show that the proposed approach demonstrates better adaptiveness to different dynamic and complex environments, as well as faster training speed over baseline methods.

Learning the References of Online Model Predictive Control for Urban Self-Driving

In this work, we propose a novel learning-based online model predictive control (MPC) framework for motion synthesis of self-driving vehicles. In this framework, the decision variables are generated as instantaneous references to modulate the cost functions of online MPC, where the constraints of collision avoidance and drivable surface boundaries are latently represented in the soft form. Hence, the embodied maneuvers of the ego vehicle are empowered to adapt to complex and dynamic traffic environments, even with unmodeled uncertainties of other traffic participants. Furthermore, we implement a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework for policy search to cast the step actions as the decision variables, where the practical and lightweight observations are considered as the input features of the policy network. The proposed approach is implemented in the high-fidelity simulator involving compound-complex urban driving scenarios, and the results demonstrate that the proposed development manifests remarkable adaptiveness to complex and dynamic traffic environments with a success rate of 85%. Also, its advantages in terms of safety, maneuverability, and robustness are illustrated.

Spatiotemporal Receding Horizon Control with Proactive Interaction Towards Safe and Efficient Autonomous Driving in Dense Traffic

In dense traffic scenarios, ensuring safety while keeping high task performance for autonomous driving is a critical challenge. To address this problem, this paper proposes a computationally-efficient spatiotemporal receding horizon control (ST-RHC) scheme to generate a safe, dynamically feasible, energy-efficient trajectory in control space, where different driving tasks in dense traffic can be achieved with high accuracy and safety in real time. In particular, an embodied spatiotemporal safety barrier module considering proactive interactions is devised to mitigate the effects of inaccuracies resulting from the trajectory prediction of other vehicles. Subsequently, the motion planning and control problem is formulated as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem, which favorably facilitates the effective use of off-the-shelf optimization solvers in conjunction with multiple shooting. The effectiveness of the proposed ST-RHC scheme is demonstrated through comprehensive comparisons with state-of-the-art algorithms on synthetic and real-world traffic datasets under dense traffic, and the attendant outcome of superior performance in terms of accuracy, efficiency and safety is achieved.