CLIP Behaves like a Bag-of-Words Model Cross-modally but not Uni-modally

CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining) has become a popular choice for various downstream tasks. However, recent studies have questioned its ability to represent compositional concepts effectively. These works suggest that CLIP often acts like a bag-of-words (BoW) model, interpreting images and text as sets of individual concepts without grasping the structural relationships. In particular, CLIP struggles to correctly bind attributes to their corresponding objects when multiple objects are present in an image or text. In this work, we investigate why CLIP exhibits this BoW-like behavior. We find that the correct attribute-object binding information is already present in individual text and image modalities. Instead, the issue lies in the cross-modal alignment, which relies on cosine similarity. To address this, we propose Linear Attribute Binding CLIP or LABCLIP. It applies a linear transformation to text embeddings before computing cosine similarity. This approach significantly improves CLIP's ability to bind attributes to correct objects, thereby enhancing its compositional understanding.

Scaling Up Membership Inference: When and How Attacks Succeed on Large Language Models

Membership inference attacks (MIA) attempt to verify the membership of a given data sample in the training set for a model. MIA has become relevant in recent years, following the rapid development of large language models (LLM). Many are concerned about the usage of copyrighted materials for training them and call for methods for detecting such usage. However, recent research has largely concluded that current MIA methods do not work on LLMs. Even when they seem to work, it is usually because of the ill-designed experimental setup where other shortcut features enable "cheating." In this work, we argue that MIA still works on LLMs, but only when multiple documents are presented for testing. We construct new benchmarks that measure the MIA performances at a continuous scale of data samples, from sentences (n-grams) to a collection of documents (multiple chunks of tokens). To validate the efficacy of current MIA approaches at greater scales, we adapt a recent work on Dataset Inference (DI) for the task of binary membership detection that aggregates paragraph-level MIA features to enable MIA at document and collection of documents level. This baseline achieves the first successful MIA on pre-trained and fine-tuned LLMs.

Overcoming Domain Limitations in Open-vocabulary Segmentation

Open-vocabulary segmentation (OVS) has gained attention for its ability to recognize a broader range of classes. However, OVS models show significant performance drops when applied to unseen domains beyond the previous training dataset. Fine-tuning these models on new datasets can improve performance, but often leads to the catastrophic forgetting of previously learned knowledge. To address this issue, we propose a method that allows OVS models to learn information from new domains while preserving prior knowledge. Our approach begins by evaluating the input sample's proximity to multiple domains, using precomputed multivariate normal distributions for each domain. Based on this prediction, we dynamically interpolate between the weights of the pre-trained decoder and the fine-tuned decoders. Extensive experiments demonstrate that this approach allows OVS models to adapt to new domains while maintaining performance on the previous training dataset. The source code is available at https://github.com/dongjunhwang/dwi.

Scalable Ensemble Diversification for OOD Generalization and Detection

Training a diverse ensemble of models has several practical applications such as providing candidates for model selection with better out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization, and enabling the detection of OOD samples via Bayesian principles. An existing approach to diverse ensemble training encourages the models to disagree on provided OOD samples. However, the approach is computationally expensive and it requires well-separated ID and OOD examples, such that it has only been demonstrated in small-scale settings. $\textbf{Method.}$ This work presents a method for Scalable Ensemble Diversification (SED) applicable to large-scale settings (e.g. ImageNet) that does not require OOD samples. Instead, SED identifies hard training samples on the fly and encourages the ensemble members to disagree on these. To improve scaling, we show how to avoid the expensive computations in existing methods of exhaustive pairwise disagreements across models. $\textbf{Results.}$ We evaluate the benefits of diversification with experiments on ImageNet. First, for OOD generalization, we observe large benefits from the diversification in multiple settings including output-space (classical) ensembles and weight-space ensembles (model soups). Second, for OOD detection, we turn the diversity of ensemble hypotheses into a novel uncertainty score estimator that surpasses a large number of OOD detection baselines. Code is available here: https://github.com/AlexanderRubinstein/diverse-universe-public.

Towards User-Focused Research in Training Data Attribution for Human-Centered Explainable AI

While Explainable AI (XAI) aims to make AI understandable and useful to humans, it has been criticised for relying too much on formalism and solutionism, focusing more on mathematical soundness than user needs. We propose an alternative to this bottom-up approach inspired by design thinking: the XAI research community should adopt a top-down, user-focused perspective to ensure user relevance. We illustrate this with a relatively young subfield of XAI, Training Data Attribution (TDA). With the surge in TDA research and growing competition, the field risks repeating the same patterns of solutionism. We conducted a needfinding study with a diverse group of AI practitioners to identify potential user needs related to TDA. Through interviews (N=10) and a systematic survey (N=31), we uncovered new TDA tasks that are currently largely overlooked. We invite the TDA and XAI communities to consider these novel tasks and improve the user relevance of their research outcomes.

Studying Large Language Model Behaviors Under Realistic Knowledge Conflicts

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates many problems of fully parametric language models, such as temporal degradation, hallucinations, and lack of grounding. In RAG, the model's knowledge can be updated from documents provided in context. This leads to cases of conflict between the model's parametric knowledge and the contextual information, where the model may not always update its knowledge. Previous work studied knowledge conflicts by creating synthetic documents that contradict the model's correct parametric answers. We present a framework for studying knowledge conflicts in a realistic setup. We update incorrect parametric knowledge using real conflicting documents. This reflects how knowledge conflicts arise in practice. In this realistic scenario, we find that knowledge updates fail less often than previously reported. In cases where the models still fail to update their answers, we find a parametric bias: the incorrect parametric answer appearing in context makes the knowledge update likelier to fail. These results suggest that the factual parametric knowledge of LLMs can negatively influence their reading abilities and behaviors. Our code is available at https://github.com/kortukov/realistic_knowledge_conflicts/.

Do Deep Neural Network Solutions Form a Star Domain?

Entezari et al. (2022) conjectured that neural network solution sets reachable via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) are convex, considering permutation invariances. This means that two independent solutions can be connected by a linear path with low loss, given one of them is appropriately permuted. However, current methods to test this theory often fail to eliminate loss barriers between two independent solutions (Ainsworth et al., 2022; Benzing et al., 2022). In this work, we conjecture that a more relaxed claim holds: the SGD solution set is a star domain that contains a star model that is linearly connected to all the other solutions via paths with low loss values, modulo permutations. We propose the Starlight algorithm that finds a star model of a given learning task. We validate our claim by showing that this star model is linearly connected with other independently found solutions. As an additional benefit of our study, we demonstrate better uncertainty estimates on Bayesian Model Averaging over the obtained star domain. Code is available at https://github.com/aktsonthalia/starlight.

Calibrating Large Language Models Using Their Generations Only

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in user-facing applications, building trust and maintaining safety by accurately quantifying a model's confidence in its prediction becomes even more important. However, finding effective ways to calibrate LLMs - especially when the only interface to the models is their generated text - remains a challenge. We propose APRICOT (auxiliary prediction of confidence targets): A method to set confidence targets and train an additional model that predicts an LLM's confidence based on its textual input and output alone. This approach has several advantages: It is conceptually simple, does not require access to the target model beyond its output, does not interfere with the language generation, and has a multitude of potential usages, for instance by verbalizing the predicted confidence or adjusting the given answer based on the confidence. We show how our approach performs competitively in terms of calibration error for white-box and black-box LLMs on closed-book question-answering to detect incorrect LLM answers.

Benchmarking Uncertainty Disentanglement: Specialized Uncertainties for Specialized Tasks

Uncertainty quantification, once a singular task, has evolved into a spectrum of tasks, including abstained prediction, out-of-distribution detection, and aleatoric uncertainty quantification. The latest goal is disentanglement: the construction of multiple estimators that are each tailored to one and only one task. Hence, there is a plethora of recent advances with different intentions - that often entirely deviate from practical behavior. This paper conducts a comprehensive evaluation of numerous uncertainty estimators across diverse tasks on ImageNet. We find that, despite promising theoretical endeavors, disentanglement is not yet achieved in practice. Additionally, we reveal which uncertainty estimators excel at which specific tasks, providing insights for practitioners and guiding future research toward task-centric and disentangled uncertainty estimation methods. Our code is available at https://github.com/bmucsanyi/bud.

Pretrained Visual Uncertainties

Accurate uncertainty estimation is vital to trustworthy machine learning, yet uncertainties typically have to be learned for each task anew. This work introduces the first pretrained uncertainty modules for vision models. Similar to standard pretraining this enables the zero-shot transfer of uncertainties learned on a large pretraining dataset to specialized downstream datasets. We enable our large-scale pretraining on ImageNet-21k by solving a gradient conflict in previous uncertainty modules and accelerating the training by up to 180x. We find that the pretrained uncertainties generalize to unseen datasets. In scrutinizing the learned uncertainties, we find that they capture aleatoric uncertainty, disentangled from epistemic components. We demonstrate that this enables safe retrieval and uncertainty-aware dataset visualization. To encourage applications to further problems and domains, we release all pretrained checkpoints and code under https://github.com/mkirchhof/url .