A Novel Momentum-Based Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Image Classification and Segmentation

Accurately segmenting different organs from medical images is a critical prerequisite for computer-assisted diagnosis and intervention planning. This study proposes a deep learning-based approach for segmenting various organs from CT and MRI scans and classifying diseases. Our study introduces a novel technique integrating momentum within residual blocks for enhanced training dynamics in medical image analysis. We applied our method in two distinct tasks: segmenting liver, lung, & colon data and classifying abdominal pelvic CT and MRI scans. The proposed approach has shown promising results, outperforming state-of-the-art methods on publicly available benchmarking datasets. For instance, in the lung segmentation dataset, our approach yielded significant enhancements over the TransNetR model, including a 5.72% increase in dice score, a 5.04% improvement in mean Intersection over Union (mIoU), an 8.02% improvement in recall, and a 4.42% improvement in precision. Hence, incorporating momentum led to state-of-the-art performance in both segmentation and classification tasks, representing a significant advancement in the field of medical imaging.

Towards Synergistic Deep Learning Models for Volumetric Cirrhotic Liver Segmentation in MRIs

Liver cirrhosis, a leading cause of global mortality, requires precise segmentation of ROIs for effective disease monitoring and treatment planning. Existing segmentation models often fail to capture complex feature interactions and generalize across diverse datasets. To address these limitations, we propose a novel synergistic theory that leverages complementary latent spaces for enhanced feature interaction modeling. Our proposed architecture, nnSynergyNet3D integrates continuous and discrete latent spaces for 3D volumes and features auto-configured training. This approach captures both fine-grained and coarse features, enabling effective modeling of intricate feature interactions. We empirically validated nnSynergyNet3D on a private dataset of 628 high-resolution T1 abdominal MRI scans from 339 patients. Our model outperformed the baseline nnUNet3D by approximately 2%. Additionally, zero-shot testing on healthy liver CT scans from the public LiTS dataset demonstrated superior cross-modal generalization capabilities. These results highlight the potential of synergistic latent space models to improve segmentation accuracy and robustness, thereby enhancing clinical workflows by ensuring consistency across CT and MRI modalities.

MDNet: Multi-Decoder Network for Abdominal CT Organs Segmentation

Accurate segmentation of organs from abdominal CT scans is essential for clinical applications such as diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient monitoring. To handle challenges of heterogeneity in organ shapes, sizes, and complex anatomical relationships, we propose a \textbf{\textit{\ac{MDNet}}}, an encoder-decoder network that uses the pre-trained \textit{MiT-B2} as the encoder and multiple different decoder networks. Each decoder network is connected to a different part of the encoder via a multi-scale feature enhancement dilated block. With each decoder, we increase the depth of the network iteratively and refine segmentation masks, enriching feature maps by integrating previous decoders' feature maps. To refine the feature map further, we also utilize the predicted masks from the previous decoder to the current decoder to provide spatial attention across foreground and background regions. MDNet effectively refines the segmentation mask with a high dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.9013 and 0.9169 on the Liver Tumor segmentation (LiTS) and MSD Spleen datasets. Additionally, it reduces Hausdorff distance (HD) to 3.79 for the LiTS dataset and 2.26 for the spleen segmentation dataset, underscoring the precision of MDNet in capturing the complex contours. Moreover, \textit{\ac{MDNet}} is more interpretable and robust compared to the other baseline models.

CT Liver Segmentation via PVT-based Encoding and Refined Decoding

Accurate liver segmentation from CT scans is essential for computer-aided diagnosis and treatment planning. Recently, Vision Transformers achieved a competitive performance in computer vision tasks compared to convolutional neural networks due to their exceptional ability to learn global representations. However, they often struggle with scalability, memory constraints, and computational inefficiency, particularly in handling high-resolution medical images. To overcome scalability and efficiency issues, we propose a novel deep learning approach, \textit{\textbf{PVTFormer}}, that is built upon a pretrained pyramid vision transformer (PVT v2) combined with advanced residual upsampling and decoder block. By integrating a refined feature channel approach with hierarchical decoding strategy, PVTFormer generates high quality segmentation masks by enhancing semantic features. Rigorous evaluation of the proposed method on Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS) 2017 demonstrates that our proposed architecture not only achieves a high dice coefficient of 86.78\%, mIoU of 78.46\%, but also obtains a low HD of 3.50. The results underscore PVTFormer's efficacy in setting a new benchmark for state-of-the-art liver segmentation methods. The source code of the proposed PVTFormer is available at \url{https://github.com/DebeshJha/PVTFormer}.

Transformer based Generative Adversarial Network for Liver Segmentation

Automated liver segmentation from radiology scans (CT, MRI) can improve surgery and therapy planning and follow-up assessment in addition to conventional use for diagnosis and prognosis. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become the standard image segmentation tasks, more recently this has started to change towards Transformers based architectures because Transformers are taking advantage of capturing long range dependence modeling capability in signals, so called attention mechanism. In this study, we propose a new segmentation approach using a hybrid approach combining the Transformer(s) with the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) approach. The premise behind this choice is that the self-attention mechanism of the Transformers allows the network to aggregate the high dimensional feature and provide global information modeling. This mechanism provides better segmentation performance compared with traditional methods. Furthermore, we encode this generator into the GAN based architecture so that the discriminator network in the GAN can classify the credibility of the generated segmentation masks compared with the real masks coming from human (expert) annotations. This allows us to extract the high dimensional topology information in the mask for biomedical image segmentation and provide more reliable segmentation results. Our model achieved a high dice coefficient of 0.9433, recall of 0.9515, and precision of 0.9376 and outperformed other Transformer based approaches.