Low-Altitude Agentic Networks for Optical Wireless Communication and Sensing: An Oceanic Scenario

The cross-domain oceanic connectivity ranging from underwater to the sky has become increasingly indispensable for a plethora of data-consuming maritime applications, such as maritime meteorological monitoring and offshore exploration. However, broadband implementations can be severely hindered by the isolation from terrestrial networks, limited satellite resources, and the fundamental inability of radio waves to bridge the water-air interface at high rates. To this end, this paper introduces an optical network bridging underwater, air and near space, which features a number of cooperative low-altitude platforms (LAPs), serving as compute-capable, sensing-aware, and mission-adaptive agents. The network architecture consists of three scenario-specific segments, i.e., water-air direct link, low-altitude mesh network, and the near-space access network. With coordinate sensing and intelligent control, the system tightly couples beam tracking and resource optimization, enabling resilient networking under high mobility and harsh maritime dynamics. Furthermore, we review enabling technologies spanning from water-air channel modeling, adaptive beam alignment under sea-surface perturbations, to swarm-intelligence networking for decentralized control, integrated pose-topology planning, and optical Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) for near-space target detection and beam alignment. Finally, open issues are also highlighted, constituting a clear roadmap toward scalable, secure, and ultra-broadband oceanic optical networks.

Generalizable Learning for Massive MIMO CSI Feedback in Unseen Environments

Deep learning is promising to enhance the accuracy and reduce the overhead of channel state information (CSI) feedback, which can boost the capacity of frequency division duplex (FDD) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Nevertheless, the generalizability of current deep learning-based CSI feedback algorithms cannot be guaranteed in unseen environments, which induces a high deployment cost. In this paper, the generalizability of deep learning-based CSI feedback is promoted with physics interpretation. Firstly, the distribution shift of the cluster-based channel is modeled, which comprises the multi-cluster structure and single-cluster response. Secondly, the physics-based distribution alignment is proposed to effectively address the distribution shift of the cluster-based channel, which comprises multi-cluster decoupling and fine-grained alignment. Thirdly, the efficiency and robustness of physics-based distribution alignment are enhanced. Explicitly, an efficient multi-cluster decoupling algorithm is proposed based on the Eckart-Young-Mirsky (EYM) theorem to support real-time CSI feedback. Meanwhile, a hybrid criterion to estimate the number of decoupled clusters is designed, which enhances the robustness against channel estimation error. Fourthly, environment-generalizable neural network for CSI feedback (EG-CsiNet) is proposed as a novel learning framework with physics-based distribution alignment. Based on extensive simulations and sim-to-real experiments in various conditions, the proposed EG-CsiNet can robustly reduce the generalization error by more than 3 dB compared to the state-of-the-arts.

Chirp Delay-Doppler Domain Modulation Based Joint Communication and Radar for Autonomous Vehicles

This paper introduces a sensing-centric joint communication and millimeter-wave radar paradigm to facilitate collaboration among intelligent vehicles. We first propose a chirp waveform-based delay-Doppler quadrature amplitude modulation (DD-QAM) that modulates data across delay, Doppler, and amplitude dimensions. Building upon this modulation scheme, we derive its achievable rate to quantify the communication performance. We then introduce an extended Kalman filter-based scheme for four-dimensional (4D) parameter estimation in dynamic environments, enabling the active vehicles to accurately estimate orientation and tangential-velocity beyond traditional 4D radar systems. Furthermore, in terms of communication, we propose a dual-compensation-based demodulation and tracking scheme that allows the passive vehicles to effectively demodulate data without compromising their sensing functions. Simulation results underscore the feasibility and superior performance of our proposed methods, marking a significant advancement in the field of autonomous vehicles. Simulation codes are provided to reproduce the results in this paper: \href{https://github.com/LiZhuoRan0/2026-IEEE-TWC-ChirpDelayDopplerModulationISAC}{https://github.com/LiZhuoRan0}.

Hierarchically Block-Sparse Recovery With Prior Support Information

We provide new recovery bounds for hierarchical compressed sensing (HCS) based on prior support information (PSI). A detailed PSI-enabled reconstruction model is formulated using various forms of PSI. The hierarchical block orthogonal matching pursuit with PSI (HiBOMP-P) algorithm is designed in a recursive form to reliably recover hierarchically block-sparse signals. We derive exact recovery conditions (ERCs) measured by the mutual incoherence property (MIP), wherein hierarchical MIP concepts are proposed, and further develop reconstructible sparsity levels to reveal sufficient conditions for ERCs. Leveraging these MIP analyses, we present several extended insights, including reliable recovery conditions in noisy scenarios and the optimal hierarchical structure for cases where sparsity is not equal to zero. Our results further confirm that HCS offers improved recovery performance even when the prior information does not overlap with the true support set, whereas existing methods heavily rely on this overlap, thereby compromising performance if it is absent.

Two-timescale Beamforming Optimization for Downlink Multi-user Holographic MIMO Surfaces

Benefiting from the rapid development of metamaterials and metasurfaces, the holographic multiple-input and multiple-output surface (HMIMOS) has been regarded as a promising solution for future wireless networks recently. By densely packing numerous radiation elements together, HMIMOS is capable of realizing accurate beamforming with low hardware complexity. However, enormous radiation elements on the HMIMOS lead to high computational complexity and signaling overhead when applying traditional beamforming schemes relying on instantaneous channel state information (CSI). To tackle this problem, we propose a two-timescale optimization scheme to minimize the required transmission power under the constraint of all users' quality-of-service (QoS). Specifically, the beampatterns at the base station (BS) and the user equippment (UE) are optimized over the slowly changing statistical CSI based on the constrained stochastic successive convex approximation (CSSCA) algorithm. Then, the instantaneous CSI is utilized to design the precoding matrix in order to ensure the system performance without significant increase in computational cost, due to the small number of feeds on the HMIMOS. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method compared to other baselines.

Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable FAS-Empowered Interference-Resilient UAV Communication

The widespread use of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) has propelled the development of advanced techniques on countering unauthorized UAV flights. However, the resistance of legal UAVs to illegal interference remains under-addressed. This paper proposes radiation pattern reconfigurable fluid antenna systems (RPR-FAS)-empowered interference-resilient UAV communication scheme. This scheme integrates the reconfigurable pixel antenna technology, which provides each antenna with an adjustable radiation pattern. Therefore, RPR-FAS can enhance the angular resolution of a UAV with a limited number of antennas, thereby improving spectral efficiency (SE) and interference resilience. Specifically, we first design dedicated radiation pattern adapted from 3GPP-TR-38.901, where the beam direction and half power beamwidth are tailored for UAV communications. Furthermore, we propose a low-storage-overhead orthogonal matching pursuit multiple measurement vectors algorithm, which accurately estimates the angle-of-arrival (AoA) of the communication link, even in the single antenna case. Particularly, by utilizing the Fourier transform to the radiation pattern gain matrix, we design a dimension-reduction technique to achieve 1--2 order-of-magnitude reduction in storage requirements. Meanwhile, we propose a maximum likelihood interference AoA estimation method based on the law of large numbers, so that the SE can be further improved. Finally, alternating optimization is employed to obtain the optimal uplink radiation pattern and combiner, while an exhaustive search is applied to determine the optimal downlink pattern, complemented by the water-filling algorithm for beamforming. Comprehensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed schemes outperform traditional methods in terms of angular sensing precision and spectral efficiency.

NEFT: A Unified Transformer Framework for Efficient Near-Field CSI Feedback in XL-MIMO Systems

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems, operating in the near-field region due to their massive antenna arrays, are a key enabler of next-generation wireless communications but face significant challenges in channel state information (CSI) feedback. Deep learning has emerged as a powerful tool by learning compact CSI representations for feedback. However, existing methods struggle to capture the intricate structure of near-field CSI while incurring prohibitive computational overhead on practical mobile devices. To overcome these limitations, we propose the Near-Field Efficient Feedback Transformer (NEFT) family for accurate and efficient near-field CSI feedback across diverse hardware platforms. Built on a hierarchical Vision Transformer backbone, NEFT is extended with lightweight variants to meet various deployment constraints: NEFT-Compact applies multi-level knowledge distillation (KD) to reduce complexity while maintaining accuracy, and NEFT-Hybrid and NEFT-Edge address encoder- and edge-constrained scenarios via attention-free encoding and KD. Extensive simulations show that NEFT achieves a 15--21 dB improvement in normalized mean-squared error (NMSE) over state-of-the-art methods, while NEFT-Compact and NEFT-Edge reduce total FLOPs by 25--36% with negligible accuracy loss. Moreover, NEFT-Hybrid lowers encoder-side complexity by up to 64%, enabling deployment in highly asymmetric device scenarios. These results establish NEFT as a practical and scalable solution for near-field CSI feedback in XL-MIMO systems.

Jamming Identification with Differential Transformer for Low-Altitude Wireless Networks

Wireless jamming identification, which detects and classifies electromagnetic jamming from non-cooperative devices, is crucial for emerging low-altitude wireless networks consisting of many drone terminals that are highly susceptible to electromagnetic jamming. However, jamming identification schemes adopting deep learning (DL) are vulnerable to attacks involving carefully crafted adversarial samples, resulting in inevitable robustness degradation. To address this issue, we propose a differential transformer framework for wireless jamming identification. Firstly, we introduce a differential transformer network in order to distinguish jamming signals, which overcomes the attention noise when compared with its traditional counterpart by performing self-attention operations in a differential manner. Secondly, we propose a randomized masking training strategy to improve network robustness, which leverages the patch partitioning mechanism inherent to transformer architectures in order to create parallel feature extraction branches. Each branch operates on a distinct, randomly masked subset of patches, which fundamentally constrains the propagation of adversarial perturbations across the network. Additionally, the ensemble effect generated by fusing predictions from these diverse branches demonstrates superior resilience against adversarial attacks. Finally, we introduce a novel consistent training framework that significantly enhances adversarial robustness through dualbranch regularization. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed methodology is superior to existing methods in boosting robustness to adversarial samples.

Generalizable Learning for Frequency-Domain Channel Extrapolation under Distribution Shift

Frequency-domain channel extrapolation is effective in reducing pilot overhead for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Recently, Deep learning (DL) based channel extrapolator has become a promising candidate for modeling complex frequency-domain dependency. Nevertheless, current DL extrapolators fail to operate in unseen environments under distribution shift, which poses challenges for large-scale deployment. In this paper, environment generalizable learning for channel extrapolation is achieved by realizing distribution alignment from a physics perspective. Firstly, the distribution shift of wireless channels is rigorously analyzed, which comprises the distribution shift of multipath structure and single-path response. Secondly, a physics-based progressive distribution alignment strategy is proposed to address the distribution shift, which includes successive path-oriented design and path alignment. Path-oriented DL extrapolator decomposes multipath channel extrapolation into parallel extrapolations of the extracted path, which can mitigate the distribution shift of multipath structure. Path alignment is proposed to address the distribution shift of single-path response in path-oriented DL extrapolators, which eventually enables generalizable learning for channel extrapolation. In the simulation, distinct wireless environments are generated using the precise ray-tracing tool. Based on extensive evaluations, the proposed path-oriented DL extrapolator with path alignment can reduce extrapolation error by more than 6 dB in unseen environments compared to the state-of-the-arts.

AFDM-Enabled Integrated Sensing and Communication: Theoretical Framework and Pilot Design

The integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has been envisioned as one representative usage scenario of sixth-generation (6G) network. However, the unprecedented characteristics of 6G, especially the doubly dispersive channel, make classical ISAC waveforms rather challenging to guarantee a desirable performance level. The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) can attain full diversity even under doubly dispersive effects, thus becoming a competitive candidate for next-generation ISAC waveforms. Relevant investigations are still at an early stage, which involve only straightforward design lacking explicit theoretical analysis. This paper provides an in-depth investigation on AFDM waveform design for ISAC applications. Specifically, the closed-form Cr\'{a}mer-Rao bounds of target detection for AFDM are derived, followed by a demonstration on its merits over existing counterparts. Furthermore, we formulate the ambiguity function of the pilot-assisted AFDM waveform for the first time, revealing conditions for stable sensing performance. To further enhance both the communication and sensing performance of the AFDM waveform, we propose a novel pilot design by exploiting the characteristics of AFDM signals. The proposed design is analytically validated to be capable of optimizing the ambiguity function property and channel estimation accuracy simultaneously as well as overcoming the sensing and channel estimation range limitation originated from the pilot spacing. Numerical results have verified the superiority of the proposed pilot design in terms of dual-functional performance.