EXAONE 3.5: Series of Large Language Models for Real-world Use Cases

This technical report introduces the EXAONE 3.5 instruction-tuned language models, developed and released by LG AI Research. The EXAONE 3.5 language models are offered in three configurations: 32B, 7.8B, and 2.4B. These models feature several standout capabilities: 1) exceptional instruction following capabilities in real-world scenarios, achieving the highest scores across seven benchmarks, 2) outstanding long-context comprehension, attaining the top performance in four benchmarks, and 3) competitive results compared to state-of-the-art open models of similar sizes across nine general benchmarks. The EXAONE 3.5 language models are open to anyone for research purposes and can be downloaded from https://huggingface.co/LGAI-EXAONE. For commercial use, please reach out to the official contact point of LG AI Research: contact_us@lgresearch.ai.

EXAONE 3.0 7.8B Instruction Tuned Language Model

We introduce EXAONE 3.0 instruction-tuned language model, the first open model in the family of Large Language Models (LLMs) developed by LG AI Research. Among different model sizes, we publicly release the 7.8B instruction-tuned model to promote open research and innovations. Through extensive evaluations across a wide range of public and in-house benchmarks, EXAONE 3.0 demonstrates highly competitive real-world performance with instruction-following capability against other state-of-the-art open models of similar size. Our comparative analysis shows that EXAONE 3.0 excels particularly in Korean, while achieving compelling performance across general tasks and complex reasoning. With its strong real-world effectiveness and bilingual proficiency, we hope that EXAONE keeps contributing to advancements in Expert AI. Our EXAONE 3.0 instruction-tuned model is available at https://huggingface.co/LGAI-EXAONE/EXAONE-3.0-7.8B-Instruct

Deep Exploration of Cross-Lingual Zero-Shot Generalization in Instruction Tuning

Instruction tuning has emerged as a powerful technique, significantly boosting zero-shot performance on unseen tasks. While recent work has explored cross-lingual generalization by applying instruction tuning to multilingual models, previous studies have primarily focused on English, with a limited exploration of non-English tasks. For an in-depth exploration of cross-lingual generalization in instruction tuning, we perform instruction tuning individually for two distinct language meta-datasets. Subsequently, we assess the performance on unseen tasks in a language different from the one used for training. To facilitate this investigation, we introduce a novel non-English meta-dataset named "KORANI" (Korean Natural Instruction), comprising 51 Korean benchmarks. Moreover, we design cross-lingual templates to mitigate discrepancies in language and instruction-format of the template between training and inference within the cross-lingual setting. Our experiments reveal consistent improvements through cross-lingual generalization in both English and Korean, outperforming baseline by average scores of 20.7\% and 13.6\%, respectively. Remarkably, these enhancements are comparable to those achieved by monolingual instruction tuning and even surpass them in some tasks. The result underscores the significance of relevant data acquisition across languages over linguistic congruence with unseen tasks during instruction tuning.

Instruction Matters, a Simple yet Effective Task Selection Approach in Instruction Tuning for Specific Tasks

Instruction tuning has shown its ability to not only enhance zero-shot generalization across various tasks but also its effectiveness in improving the performance of specific tasks. A crucial aspect in instruction tuning for a particular task is a strategic selection of related tasks that offer meaningful supervision, thereby enhancing efficiency and preventing performance degradation from irrelevant tasks. Our research reveals that leveraging instruction information \textit{alone} enables the identification of pertinent tasks for instruction tuning. This approach is notably simpler compared to traditional methods that necessitate complex measurements of pairwise transferability between tasks or the creation of data samples for the target task. Furthermore, by additionally learning the unique instructional template style of the meta-dataset, we observe an improvement in task selection accuracy, which contributes to enhanced overall performance. Experimental results demonstrate that training on a small set of tasks, chosen solely based on the instructions, leads to substantial performance improvements on benchmarks like P3, Big-Bench, NIV2, and Big-Bench Hard. Significantly, these improvements exceed those achieved by prior task selection methods, highlighting the efficacy of our approach.

Lightweight feature encoder for wake-up word detection based on self-supervised speech representation

Self-supervised learning method that provides generalized speech representations has recently received increasing attention. Wav2vec 2.0 is the most famous example, showing remarkable performance in numerous downstream speech processing tasks. Despite its success, it is challenging to use it directly for wake-up word detection on mobile devices due to its expensive computational cost. In this work, we propose LiteFEW, a lightweight feature encoder for wake-up word detection that preserves the inherent ability of wav2vec 2.0 with a minimum scale. In the method, the knowledge of the pre-trained wav2vec 2.0 is compressed by introducing an auto-encoder-based dimensionality reduction technique and distilled to LiteFEW. Experimental results on the open-source "Hey Snips" dataset show that the proposed method applied to various model structures significantly improves the performance, achieving over 20% of relative improvements with only 64k parameters.

External Knowledge Selection with Weighted Negative Sampling in Knowledge-grounded Task-oriented Dialogue Systems

Constructing a robust dialogue system on spoken conversations bring more challenge than written conversation. In this respect, DSTC10-Track2-Task2 is proposed, which aims to build a task-oriented dialogue (TOD) system incorporating unstructured external knowledge on a spoken conversation, extending DSTC9-Track1. This paper introduces our system containing four advanced methods: data construction, weighted negative sampling, post-training, and style transfer. We first automatically construct a large training data because DSTC10-Track2 does not release the official training set. For the knowledge selection task, we propose weighted negative sampling to train the model more fine-grained manner. We also employ post-training and style transfer for the response generation task to generate an appropriate response with a similar style to the target response. In the experiment, we investigate the effect of weighted negative sampling, post-training, and style transfer. Our model ranked 7 out of 16 teams in the objective evaluation and 6 in human evaluation.

Towards Continual Knowledge Learning of Language Models

Large Language Models (LMs) are known to encode world knowledge in their parameters as they pretrain on a vast amount of web corpus, which is often utilized for performing knowledge-dependent downstream tasks such as question answering, fact-checking, and open dialogue. In real-world scenarios, the world knowledge stored in the LMs can quickly become outdated as the world changes, but it is non-trivial to avoid catastrophic forgetting and reliably acquire new knowledge while preserving invariant knowledge. To push the community towards better maintenance of ever-changing LMs, we formulate a new continual learning (CL) problem called Continual Knowledge Learning (CKL). We construct a new benchmark and metric to quantify the retention of time-invariant world knowledge, the update of outdated knowledge, and the acquisition of new knowledge. We adopt applicable recent methods from literature to create several strong baselines. Through extensive experiments, we find that CKL exhibits unique challenges that are not addressed in previous CL setups, where parameter expansion is necessary to reliably retain and learn knowledge simultaneously. By highlighting the critical causes of knowledge forgetting, we show that CKL is a challenging and important problem that helps us better understand and train ever-changing LMs. The benchmark datasets, evaluation script, and baseline code to reproduce our results are available at https://github.com/joeljang/continual-knowledge-learning.

Extrofitting: Enriching Word Representation and its Vector Space with Semantic Lexicons

We propose post-processing method for enriching not only word representation but also its vector space using semantic lexicons, which we call extrofitting. The method consists of 3 steps as follows: (i) Expanding 1 or more dimension(s) on all the word vectors, filling with their representative value. (ii) Transferring semantic knowledge by averaging each representative values of synonyms and filling them in the expanded dimension(s). These two steps make representations of the synonyms close together. (iii) Projecting the vector space using Linear Discriminant Analysis, which eliminates the expanded dimension(s) with semantic knowledge. When experimenting with GloVe, we find that our method outperforms Faruqui's retrofitting on some of word similarity task. We also report further analysis on our method in respect to word vector dimensions, vocabulary size as well as other well-known pretrained word vectors (e.g., Word2Vec, Fasttext).