RT-Surv: Improving Mortality Prediction After Radiotherapy with Large Language Model Structuring of Large-Scale Unstructured Electronic Health Records

Accurate patient selection is critical in radiotherapy (RT) to prevent ineffective treatments. Traditional survival prediction models, relying on structured data, often lack precision. This study explores the potential of large language models (LLMs) to structure unstructured electronic health record (EHR) data, thereby improving survival prediction accuracy through comprehensive clinical information integration. Data from 34,276 patients treated with RT at Yonsei Cancer Center between 2013 and 2023 were analyzed, encompassing both structured and unstructured data. An open-source LLM was used to structure the unstructured EHR data via single-shot learning, with its performance compared against a domain-specific medical LLM and a smaller variant. Survival prediction models were developed using statistical, machine learning, and deep learning approaches, incorporating both structured and LLM-structured data. Clinical experts evaluated the accuracy of the LLM-structured data. The open-source LLM achieved 87.5% accuracy in structuring unstructured EHR data without additional training, significantly outperforming the domain-specific medical LLM, which reached only 35.8% accuracy. Larger LLMs were more effective, particularly in extracting clinically relevant features like general condition and disease extent, which closely correlated with patient survival. Incorporating LLM-structured clinical features into survival prediction models significantly improved accuracy, with the C-index of deep learning models increasing from 0.737 to 0.820. These models also became more interpretable by emphasizing clinically significant factors. This study shows that general-domain LLMs, even without specific medical training, can effectively structure large-scale unstructured EHR data, substantially enhancing the accuracy and interpretability of clinical predictive models.

Enhancing Demand Prediction in Open Systems by Cartogram-aided Deep Learning

Predicting temporal patterns across various domains poses significant challenges due to their nuanced and often nonlinear trajectories. To address this challenge, prediction frameworks have been continuously refined, employing data-driven statistical methods, mathematical models, and machine learning. Recently, as one of the challenging systems, shared transport systems such as public bicycles have gained prominence due to urban constraints and environmental concerns. Predicting rental and return patterns at bicycle stations remains a formidable task due to the system's openness and imbalanced usage patterns across stations. In this study, we propose a deep learning framework to predict rental and return patterns by leveraging cartogram approaches. The cartogram approach facilitates the prediction of demand for newly installed stations with no training data as well as long-period prediction, which has not been achieved before. We apply this method to public bicycle rental-and-return data in Seoul, South Korea, employing a spatial-temporal convolutional graph attention network. Our improved architecture incorporates batch attention and modified node feature updates for better prediction accuracy across different time scales. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework in predicting temporal patterns and its potential applications.

Objective and Interpretable Breast Cosmesis Evaluation with Attention Guided Denoising Diffusion Anomaly Detection Model

As advancements in the field of breast cancer treatment continue to progress, the assessment of post-surgical cosmetic outcomes has gained increasing significance due to its substantial impact on patients' quality of life. However, evaluating breast cosmesis presents challenges due to the inherently subjective nature of expert labeling. In this study, we present a novel automated approach, Attention-Guided Denoising Diffusion Anomaly Detection (AG-DDAD), designed to assess breast cosmesis following surgery, addressing the limitations of conventional supervised learning and existing anomaly detection models. Our approach leverages the attention mechanism of the distillation with no label (DINO) self-supervised Vision Transformer (ViT) in combination with a diffusion model to achieve high-quality image reconstruction and precise transformation of discriminative regions. By training the diffusion model on unlabeled data predominantly with normal cosmesis, we adopt an unsupervised anomaly detection perspective to automatically score the cosmesis. Real-world data experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, providing visually appealing representations and quantifiable scores for cosmesis evaluation. Compared to commonly used rule-based programs, our fully automated approach eliminates the need for manual annotations and offers objective evaluation. Moreover, our anomaly detection model exhibits state-of-the-art performance, surpassing existing models in accuracy. Going beyond the scope of breast cosmesis, our research represents a significant advancement in unsupervised anomaly detection within the medical domain, thereby paving the way for future investigations.

RO-LLaMA: Generalist LLM for Radiation Oncology via Noise Augmentation and Consistency Regularization

Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have profoundly influenced medical fields, by providing tools to reduce clinical workloads. However, most AI models are constrained to execute uni-modal tasks, in stark contrast to the comprehensive approaches utilized by medical professionals. To address this, here we present RO-LLaMA, a versatile generalist large language model (LLM) tailored for the field of radiation oncology. This model seamlessly covers a wide range of the workflow of radiation oncologists, adept at various tasks such as clinical report summarization, radiation therapy plan suggestion, and plan-guided therapy target volume segmentation. In particular, to maximize the end-to-end performance, we further present a novel Consistency Embedding Fine-Tuning (CEFTune) technique, which boosts LLM's robustness to additional errors at the intermediates while preserving the capability of handling clean inputs, and creatively transform this concept into LLM-driven segmentation framework as Consistency Embedding Segmentation (CESEG). Experimental results on multi-centre cohort sets demonstrate our proposed RO-LLaMA's promising performance for diverse tasks with generalization capabilities.

LLM-driven Multimodal Target Volume Contouring in Radiation Oncology

Target volume contouring for radiation therapy is considered significantly more challenging than the normal organ segmentation tasks as it necessitates the utilization of both image and text-based clinical information. Inspired by the recent advancement of large language models (LLMs) that can facilitate the integration of the textural information and images, here we present a novel LLM-driven multi-modal AI that utilizes the clinical text information and is applicable to the challenging task of target volume contouring for radiation therapy, and validate it within the context of breast cancer radiation therapy target volume contouring. Using external validation and data-insufficient environments, which attributes highly conducive to real-world applications, we demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits markedly improved performance compared to conventional vision-only AI models, particularly exhibiting robust generalization performance and data-efficiency. To our best knowledge, this is the first LLM-driven multimodal AI model that integrates the clinical text information into target volume delineation for radiation oncology.

Improving Medical Speech-to-Text Accuracy with Vision-Language Pre-training Model

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is a technology that converts spoken words into text, facilitating interaction between humans and machines. One of the most common applications of ASR is Speech-To-Text (STT) technology, which simplifies user workflows by transcribing spoken words into text. In the medical field, STT has the potential to significantly reduce the workload of clinicians who rely on typists to transcribe their voice recordings. However, developing an STT model for the medical domain is challenging due to the lack of sufficient speech and text datasets. To address this issue, we propose a medical-domain text correction method that modifies the output text of a general STT system using the Vision Language Pre-training (VLP) method. VLP combines textual and visual information to correct text based on image knowledge. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method offers quantitatively and clinically significant improvements in STT performance in the medical field. We further show that multi-modal understanding of image and text information outperforms single-modal understanding using only text information.

MS-DINO: Efficient Distributed Training of Vision Transformer Foundation Model in Medical Domain through Masked Sampling

In spite of the recent success of deep learning in the medical domain, the problem of data scarcity in the medical domain gets aggravated due to privacy and data ownership issues. Distributed learning approaches including federated learning have been studied to alleviate the problems, but they suffer from cumbersome communication overheads and weakness in privacy protection. To address this, here we propose a self-supervised masked sampling distillation method for vision transformer that can be performed without continuous communication but still enhance privacy using a vision transformer-specific encryption method. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated with extensive experiments on two medical domain data and two different downstream tasks, showing superior performances than those obtained with the existing distributed learning strategy as well as the fine-tuning only baseline. As the self-supervised model built with the proposed method is capable of having a general semantic understanding of the modality, we demonstrate its potential as a task-agnostic foundation model for various medical tasks, widening the applicability in the medical domain.

Alternating Cross-attention Vision-Language Model for Efficient Learning with Medical Image and Report without Curation

Recent advances in vision-language pre-training have demonstrated astounding performances in diverse vision-language tasks, shedding a light on the long-standing problems of a comprehensive understanding of both visual and textual concepts in artificial intelligence research. However, there has been limited success in the application of vision-language pre-training in the medical domain, as the current vision-language models and learning strategies for photographic images and captions are not optimal to process the medical data which are usually insufficient in the amount and the diversity, which impedes successful learning of joint vision-language concepts. In this study, we introduce MAX-VL, a model tailored for efficient vision-language pre-training in the medical domain. We experimentally demonstrated that the pre-trained MAX-VL model outperforms the current state-of-the-art vision language models in various vision-language tasks. We also suggested the clinical utility for the diagnosis of newly emerging diseases and human error detection as well as showed the widespread applicability of the model in different domain data.

Multi-Task Distributed Learning using Vision Transformer with Random Patch Permutation

The widespread application of artificial intelligence in health research is currently hampered by limitations in data availability. Distributed learning methods such as federated learning (FL) and shared learning (SL) are introduced to solve this problem as well as data management and ownership issues with their different strengths and weaknesses. The recent proposal of federated split task-agnostic (FeSTA) learning tries to reconcile the distinct merits of FL and SL by enabling the multi-task collaboration between participants through Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture, but they suffer from higher communication overhead. To address this, here we present a multi-task distributed learning using ViT with random patch permutation. Instead of using a CNN based head as in FeSTA, p-FeSTA adopts a randomly permuting simple patch embedder, improving the multi-task learning performance without sacrificing privacy. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method significantly enhances the benefit of multi-task collaboration, communication efficiency, and privacy preservation, shedding light on practical multi-task distributed learning in the field of medical imaging.

AI can evolve without labels: self-evolving vision transformer for chest X-ray diagnosis through knowledge distillation

Although deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis systems have recently achieved expert-level performance, developing a robust deep learning model requires large, high-quality data with manual annotation, which is expensive to obtain. This situation poses the problem that the chest x-rays collected annually in hospitals cannot be used due to the lack of manual labeling by experts, especially in deprived areas. To address this, here we present a novel deep learning framework that uses knowledge distillation through self-supervised learning and self-training, which shows that the performance of the original model trained with a small number of labels can be gradually improved with more unlabeled data. Experimental results show that the proposed framework maintains impressive robustness against a real-world environment and has general applicability to several diagnostic tasks such as tuberculosis, pneumothorax, and COVID-19. Notably, we demonstrated that our model performs even better than those trained with the same amount of labeled data. The proposed framework has a great potential for medical imaging, where plenty of data is accumulated every year, but ground truth annotations are expensive to obtain.