Bimanual Dexterity for Complex Tasks

To train generalist robot policies, machine learning methods often require a substantial amount of expert human teleoperation data. An ideal robot for humans collecting data is one that closely mimics them: bimanual arms and dexterous hands. However, creating such a bimanual teleoperation system with over 50 DoF is a significant challenge. To address this, we introduce Bidex, an extremely dexterous, low-cost, low-latency and portable bimanual dexterous teleoperation system which relies on motion capture gloves and teacher arms. We compare Bidex to a Vision Pro teleoperation system and a SteamVR system and find Bidex to produce better quality data for more complex tasks at a faster rate. Additionally, we show Bidex operating a mobile bimanual robot for in the wild tasks. The robot hands (5k USD) and teleoperation system (7k USD) is readily reproducible and can be used on many robot arms including two xArms (16k USD). Website at https://bidex-teleop.github.io/

SPIN: Simultaneous Perception, Interaction and Navigation

While there has been remarkable progress recently in the fields of manipulation and locomotion, mobile manipulation remains a long-standing challenge. Compared to locomotion or static manipulation, a mobile system must make a diverse range of long-horizon tasks feasible in unstructured and dynamic environments. While the applications are broad and interesting, there are a plethora of challenges in developing these systems such as coordination between the base and arm, reliance on onboard perception for perceiving and interacting with the environment, and most importantly, simultaneously integrating all these parts together. Prior works approach the problem using disentangled modular skills for mobility and manipulation that are trivially tied together. This causes several limitations such as compounding errors, delays in decision-making, and no whole-body coordination. In this work, we present a reactive mobile manipulation framework that uses an active visual system to consciously perceive and react to its environment. Similar to how humans leverage whole-body and hand-eye coordination, we develop a mobile manipulator that exploits its ability to move and see, more specifically -- to move in order to see and to see in order to move. This allows it to not only move around and interact with its environment but also, choose "when" to perceive "what" using an active visual system. We observe that such an agent learns to navigate around complex cluttered scenarios while displaying agile whole-body coordination using only ego-vision without needing to create environment maps. Results visualizations and videos at https://spin-robot.github.io/

Adaptive Mobile Manipulation for Articulated Objects In the Open World

Deploying robots in open-ended unstructured environments such as homes has been a long-standing research problem. However, robots are often studied only in closed-off lab settings, and prior mobile manipulation work is restricted to pick-move-place, which is arguably just the tip of the iceberg in this area. In this paper, we introduce Open-World Mobile Manipulation System, a full-stack approach to tackle realistic articulated object operation, e.g. real-world doors, cabinets, drawers, and refrigerators in open-ended unstructured environments. The robot utilizes an adaptive learning framework to initially learns from a small set of data through behavior cloning, followed by learning from online practice on novel objects that fall outside the training distribution. We also develop a low-cost mobile manipulation hardware platform capable of safe and autonomous online adaptation in unstructured environments with a cost of around 20,000 USD. In our experiments we utilize 20 articulate objects across 4 buildings in the CMU campus. With less than an hour of online learning for each object, the system is able to increase success rate from 50% of BC pre-training to 95% using online adaptation. Video results at https://open-world-mobilemanip.github.io/

Dexterous Functional Grasping

While there have been significant strides in dexterous manipulation, most of it is limited to benchmark tasks like in-hand reorientation which are of limited utility in the real world. The main benefit of dexterous hands over two-fingered ones is their ability to pickup tools and other objects (including thin ones) and grasp them firmly to apply force. However, this task requires both a complex understanding of functional affordances as well as precise low-level control. While prior work obtains affordances from human data this approach doesn't scale to low-level control. Similarly, simulation training cannot give the robot an understanding of real-world semantics. In this paper, we aim to combine the best of both worlds to accomplish functional grasping for in-the-wild objects. We use a modular approach. First, affordances are obtained by matching corresponding regions of different objects and then a low-level policy trained in sim is run to grasp it. We propose a novel application of eigengrasps to reduce the search space of RL using a small amount of human data and find that it leads to more stable and physically realistic motion. We find that eigengrasp action space beats baselines in simulation and outperforms hardcoded grasping in real and matches or outperforms a trained human teleoperator. Results visualizations and videos at https://dexfunc.github.io/

DEFT: Dexterous Fine-Tuning for Real-World Hand Policies

Dexterity is often seen as a cornerstone of complex manipulation. Humans are able to perform a host of skills with their hands, from making food to operating tools. In this paper, we investigate these challenges, especially in the case of soft, deformable objects as well as complex, relatively long-horizon tasks. However, learning such behaviors from scratch can be data inefficient. To circumvent this, we propose a novel approach, DEFT (DExterous Fine-Tuning for Hand Policies), that leverages human-driven priors, which are executed directly in the real world. In order to improve upon these priors, DEFT involves an efficient online optimization procedure. With the integration of human-based learning and online fine-tuning, coupled with a soft robotic hand, DEFT demonstrates success across various tasks, establishing a robust, data-efficient pathway toward general dexterous manipulation. Please see our website at https://dexterous-finetuning.github.io for video results.

LEAP Hand: Low-Cost, Efficient, and Anthropomorphic Hand for Robot Learning

Dexterous manipulation has been a long-standing challenge in robotics. While machine learning techniques have shown some promise, results have largely been currently limited to simulation. This can be mostly attributed to the lack of suitable hardware. In this paper, we present LEAP Hand, a low-cost dexterous and anthropomorphic hand for machine learning research. In contrast to previous hands, LEAP Hand has a novel kinematic structure that allows maximal dexterity regardless of finger pose. LEAP Hand is low-cost and can be assembled in 4 hours at a cost of 2000 USD from readily available parts. It is capable of consistently exerting large torques over long durations of time. We show that LEAP Hand can be used to perform several manipulation tasks in the real world -- from visual teleoperation to learning from passive video data and sim2real. LEAP Hand significantly outperforms its closest competitor Allegro Hand in all our experiments while being 1/8th of the cost. We release detailed assembly instructions, the Sim2Real pipeline and a development platform with useful APIs on our website at https://leap-hand.github.io/

A Framework for Designing Anthropomorphic Soft Hands through Interaction

Modeling and simulating soft robot hands can aid in design iteration for complex and high degree-of-freedom (DoF) morphologies. This can be further supplemented by iterating on the design based on its performance in real world manipulation tasks. However, this requires a framework that allows us to iterate quickly at low costs. In this paper, we present a framework that leverages rapid prototyping of the hand using 3D-printing, and utilizes teleoperation to evaluate the hand in real world manipulation tasks. Using this framework, we design a 3D-printed 16-DoF dexterous anthropomorphic soft hand (DASH) and iteratively improve its design over three iterations. Rapid prototyping techniques such as 3D-printing allow us to directly evaluate the fabricated hand without modeling it in simulation. We show that the design is improved at each iteration through the hand's performance in 30 real-world teleoperated manipulation tasks. Testing over 600 demonstrations shows that our final version of DASH can solve 16 of the 30 tasks compared to Allegro, a popular rigid hand in the market, which can only solve 7 tasks. We open-source our CAD models as well as the teleoperated dataset for further study and are available on our website (https://dash-through-interaction.github.io.)

VideoDex: Learning Dexterity from Internet Videos

To build general robotic agents that can operate in many environments, it is often imperative for the robot to collect experience in the real world. However, this is often not feasible due to safety, time, and hardware restrictions. We thus propose leveraging the next best thing as real-world experience: internet videos of humans using their hands. Visual priors, such as visual features, are often learned from videos, but we believe that more information from videos can be utilized as a stronger prior. We build a learning algorithm, VideoDex, that leverages visual, action, and physical priors from human video datasets to guide robot behavior. These actions and physical priors in the neural network dictate the typical human behavior for a particular robot task. We test our approach on a robot arm and dexterous hand-based system and show strong results on various manipulation tasks, outperforming various state-of-the-art methods. Videos at https://video-dex.github.io

Robotic Telekinesis: Learning a Robotic Hand Imitator by Watching Humans on Youtube

We build a system that enables any human to control a robot hand and arm, simply by demonstrating motions with their own hand. The robot observes the human operator via a single RGB camera and imitates their actions in real-time. Human hands and robot hands differ in shape, size, and joint structure, and performing this translation from a single uncalibrated camera is a highly underconstrained problem. Moreover, the retargeted trajectories must effectively execute tasks on a physical robot, which requires them to be temporally smooth and free of self-collisions. Our key insight is that while paired human-robot correspondence data is expensive to collect, the internet contains a massive corpus of rich and diverse human hand videos. We leverage this data to train a system that understands human hands and retargets a human video stream into a robot hand-arm trajectory that is smooth, swift, safe, and semantically similar to the guiding demonstration. We demonstrate that it enables previously untrained people to teleoperate a robot on various dexterous manipulation tasks. Our low-cost, glove-free, marker-free remote teleoperation system makes robot teaching more accessible and we hope that it can aid robots that learn to act autonomously in the real world. Videos at https://robotic-telekinesis.github.io/

STRATA: A Unified Framework for Task Assignments in Large Teams of Heterogeneous Robots

Large teams of robots have the potential to solve complex multi-task problems that are intractable for a single robot working independently. However, solving complex multi-task problems requires leveraging the relative strengths of different robots in the team. We present Stochastic TRAit-based Task Assignment (STRATA), a unified framework that models large teams of heterogeneous robots and performs optimal task assignments. Specifically, given information on which traits (capabilities) are required for various tasks, STRATA computes the optimal assignments of robots to tasks such that the task-trait requirements are achieved. Inspired by prior work in robot swarms and biodiversity, we categorize robots into different species (groups) based on their traits. We model each trait as a continuous variable and differentiate between traits that can and cannot be aggregated from different robots. STRATA is capable of reasoning about both species-level and robot-level differences in traits. Further, we define measures of diversity for any given team based on the team's continuous-space trait model. We illustrate the necessity and effectiveness of STRATA using detailed simulations and a capture the flag game environment.