Context Gating in Spiking Neural Networks: Achieving Lifelong Learning through Integration of Local and Global Plasticity

Humans learn multiple tasks in succession with minimal mutual interference, through the context gating mechanism in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The brain-inspired models of spiking neural networks (SNN) have drawn massive attention for their energy efficiency and biological plausibility. To overcome catastrophic forgetting when learning multiple tasks in sequence, current SNN models for lifelong learning focus on memory reserving or regularization-based modification, while lacking SNN to replicate human experimental behavior. Inspired by biological context-dependent gating mechanisms found in PFC, we propose SNN with context gating trained by the local plasticity rule (CG-SNN) for lifelong learning. The iterative training between global and local plasticity for task units is designed to strengthen the connections between task neurons and hidden neurons and preserve the multi-task relevant information. The experiments show that the proposed model is effective in maintaining the past learning experience and has better task-selectivity than other methods during lifelong learning. Our results provide new insights that the CG-SNN model can extend context gating with good scalability on different SNN architectures with different spike-firing mechanisms. Thus, our models have good potential for parallel implementation on neuromorphic hardware and model human's behavior.

Towards Efficient Deep Spiking Neural Networks Construction with Spiking Activity based Pruning

The emergence of deep and large-scale spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibiting high performance across diverse complex datasets has led to a need for compressing network models due to the presence of a significant number of redundant structural units, aiming to more effectively leverage their low-power consumption and biological interpretability advantages. Currently, most model compression techniques for SNNs are based on unstructured pruning of individual connections, which requires specific hardware support. Hence, we propose a structured pruning approach based on the activity levels of convolutional kernels named Spiking Channel Activity-based (SCA) network pruning framework. Inspired by synaptic plasticity mechanisms, our method dynamically adjusts the network's structure by pruning and regenerating convolutional kernels during training, enhancing the model's adaptation to the current target task. While maintaining model performance, this approach refines the network architecture, ultimately reducing computational load and accelerating the inference process. This indicates that structured dynamic sparse learning methods can better facilitate the application of deep SNNs in low-power and high-efficiency scenarios.

Enhancing Adaptive History Reserving by Spiking Convolutional Block Attention Module in Recurrent Neural Networks

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) serve as one type of efficient model to process spatio-temporal patterns in time series, such as the Address-Event Representation data collected from Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS). Although convolutional SNNs have achieved remarkable performance on these AER datasets, benefiting from the predominant spatial feature extraction ability of convolutional structure, they ignore temporal features related to sequential time points. In this paper, we develop a recurrent spiking neural network (RSNN) model embedded with an advanced spiking convolutional block attention module (SCBAM) component to combine both spatial and temporal features of spatio-temporal patterns. It invokes the history information in spatial and temporal channels adaptively through SCBAM, which brings the advantages of efficient memory calling and history redundancy elimination. The performance of our model was evaluated in DVS128-Gesture dataset and other time-series datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed SRNN-SCBAM model makes better use of the history information in spatial and temporal dimensions with less memory space, and achieves higher accuracy compared to other models.

Neuromorphic Auditory Perception by Neural Spiketrum

Neuromorphic computing holds the promise to achieve the energy efficiency and robust learning performance of biological neural systems. To realize the promised brain-like intelligence, it needs to solve the challenges of the neuromorphic hardware architecture design of biological neural substrate and the hardware amicable algorithms with spike-based encoding and learning. Here we introduce a neural spike coding model termed spiketrum, to characterize and transform the time-varying analog signals, typically auditory signals, into computationally efficient spatiotemporal spike patterns. It minimizes the information loss occurring at the analog-to-spike transformation and possesses informational robustness to neural fluctuations and spike losses. The model provides a sparse and efficient coding scheme with precisely controllable spike rate that facilitates training of spiking neural networks in various auditory perception tasks. We further investigate the algorithm-hardware co-designs through a neuromorphic cochlear prototype which demonstrates that our approach can provide a systematic solution for spike-based artificial intelligence by fully exploiting its advantages with spike-based computation.

ESL-SNNs: An Evolutionary Structure Learning Strategy for Spiking Neural Networks

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have manifested remarkable advantages in power consumption and event-driven property during the inference process. To take full advantage of low power consumption and improve the efficiency of these models further, the pruning methods have been explored to find sparse SNNs without redundancy connections after training. However, parameter redundancy still hinders the efficiency of SNNs during training. In the human brain, the rewiring process of neural networks is highly dynamic, while synaptic connections maintain relatively sparse during brain development. Inspired by this, here we propose an efficient evolutionary structure learning (ESL) framework for SNNs, named ESL-SNNs, to implement the sparse SNN training from scratch. The pruning and regeneration of synaptic connections in SNNs evolve dynamically during learning, yet keep the structural sparsity at a certain level. As a result, the ESL-SNNs can search for optimal sparse connectivity by exploring all possible parameters across time. Our experiments show that the proposed ESL-SNNs framework is able to learn SNNs with sparse structures effectively while reducing the limited accuracy. The ESL-SNNs achieve merely 0.28% accuracy loss with 10% connection density on the DVS-Cifar10 dataset. Our work presents a brand-new approach for sparse training of SNNs from scratch with biologically plausible evolutionary mechanisms, closing the gap in the expressibility between sparse training and dense training. Hence, it has great potential for SNN lightweight training and inference with low power consumption and small memory usage.

Biologically inspired structure learning with reverse knowledge distillation for spiking neural networks

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have superb characteristics in sensory information recognition tasks due to their biological plausibility. However, the performance of some current spiking-based models is limited by their structures which means either fully connected or too-deep structures bring too much redundancy. This redundancy from both connection and neurons is one of the key factors hindering the practical application of SNNs. Although Some pruning methods were proposed to tackle this problem, they normally ignored the fact the neural topology in the human brain could be adjusted dynamically. Inspired by this, this paper proposed an evolutionary-based structure construction method for constructing more reasonable SNNs. By integrating the knowledge distillation and connection pruning method, the synaptic connections in SNNs can be optimized dynamically to reach an optimal state. As a result, the structure of SNNs could not only absorb knowledge from the teacher model but also search for deep but sparse network topology. Experimental results on CIFAR100 and DVS-Gesture show that the proposed structure learning method can get pretty well performance while reducing the connection redundancy. The proposed method explores a novel dynamical way for structure learning from scratch in SNNs which could build a bridge to close the gap between deep learning and bio-inspired neural dynamics.

LaSNN: Layer-wise ANN-to-SNN Distillation for Effective and Efficient Training in Deep Spiking Neural Networks

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are biologically realistic and practically promising in low-power computation because of their event-driven mechanism. Usually, the training of SNNs suffers accuracy loss on various tasks, yielding an inferior performance compared with ANNs. A conversion scheme is proposed to obtain competitive accuracy by mapping trained ANNs' parameters to SNNs with the same structures. However, an enormous number of time steps are required for these converted SNNs, thus losing the energy-efficient benefit. Utilizing both the accuracy advantages of ANNs and the computing efficiency of SNNs, a novel SNN training framework is proposed, namely layer-wise ANN-to-SNN knowledge distillation (LaSNN). In order to achieve competitive accuracy and reduced inference latency, LaSNN transfers the learning from a well-trained ANN to a small SNN by distilling the knowledge other than converting the parameters of ANN. The information gap between heterogeneous ANN and SNN is bridged by introducing the attention scheme, the knowledge in an ANN is effectively compressed and then efficiently transferred by utilizing our layer-wise distillation paradigm. We conduct detailed experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness, efficacy, and scalability of LaSNN on three benchmark data sets (CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Tiny ImageNet). We achieve competitive top-1 accuracy compared to ANNs and 20x faster inference than converted SNNs with similar performance. More importantly, LaSNN is dexterous and extensible that can be effortlessly developed for SNNs with different architectures/depths and input encoding methods, contributing to their potential development.

Constructing Deep Spiking Neural Networks from Artificial Neural Networks with Knowledge Distillation

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are well known as the brain-inspired models with high computing efficiency, due to a key component that they utilize spikes as information units, close to the biological neural systems. Although spiking based models are energy efficient by taking advantage of discrete spike signals, their performance is limited by current network structures and their training methods. As discrete signals, typical SNNs cannot apply the gradient descent rules directly into parameters adjustment as artificial neural networks (ANNs). Aiming at this limitation, here we propose a novel method of constructing deep SNN models with knowledge distillation (KD) that uses ANN as teacher model and SNN as student model. Through ANN-SNN joint training algorithm, the student SNN model can learn rich feature information from the teacher ANN model through the KD method, yet it avoids training SNN from scratch when communicating with non-differentiable spikes. Our method can not only build a more efficient deep spiking structure feasibly and reasonably, but use few time steps to train whole model compared to direct training or ANN to SNN methods. More importantly, it has a superb ability of noise immunity for various types of artificial noises and natural signals. The proposed novel method provides efficient ways to improve the performance of SNN through constructing deeper structures in a high-throughput fashion, with potential usage for light and efficient brain-inspired computing of practical scenarios.