DNN-based ensemble singing voice synthesis with interactions between singers

We propose a singing voice synthesis (SVS) method for a more unified ensemble singing voice by modeling interactions between singers. Most existing SVS methods aim to synthesize a solo voice, and do not consider interactions between singers, i.e., adjusting one's own voice to the others' voices. Since the production of ensemble voices from solo singing voices ignores the interactions, it can degrade the unity of the vocal ensemble. Therefore, we propose a SVS that reproduces the interactions. It is based on an architecture that uses musical scores of multiple voice parts, and loss functions that simulate the interactions' effect to acoustic features. Experimental results show that our methods improve the unity of the vocal ensemble.

Physics-Informed Machine Learning For Sound Field Estimation

The area of study concerning the estimation of spatial sound, i.e., the distribution of a physical quantity of sound such as acoustic pressure, is called sound field estimation, which is the basis for various applied technologies related to spatial audio processing. The sound field estimation problem is formulated as a function interpolation problem in machine learning in a simplified scenario. However, high estimation performance cannot be expected by simply applying general interpolation techniques that rely only on data. The physical properties of sound fields are useful a priori information, and it is considered extremely important to incorporate them into the estimation. In this article, we introduce the fundamentals of physics-informed machine learning (PIML) for sound field estimation and overview current PIML-based sound field estimation methods.

Self-Supervised Speech Representations are More Phonetic than Semantic

Self-supervised speech models (S3Ms) have become an effective backbone for speech applications. Various analyses suggest that S3Ms encode linguistic properties. In this work, we seek a more fine-grained analysis of the word-level linguistic properties encoded in S3Ms. Specifically, we curate a novel dataset of near homophone (phonetically similar) and synonym (semantically similar) word pairs and measure the similarities between S3M word representation pairs. Our study reveals that S3M representations consistently and significantly exhibit more phonetic than semantic similarity. Further, we question whether widely used intent classification datasets such as Fluent Speech Commands and Snips Smartlights are adequate for measuring semantic abilities. Our simple baseline, using only the word identity, surpasses S3M-based models. This corroborates our findings and suggests that high scores on these datasets do not necessarily guarantee the presence of semantic content.

Neural Blind Source Separation and Diarization for Distant Speech Recognition

This paper presents a neural method for distant speech recognition (DSR) that jointly separates and diarizes speech mixtures without supervision by isolated signals. A standard separation method for multi-talker DSR is a statistical multichannel method called guided source separation (GSS). While GSS does not require signal-level supervision, it relies on speaker diarization results to handle unknown numbers of active speakers. To overcome this limitation, we introduce and train a neural inference model in a weakly-supervised manner, employing the objective function of a statistical separation method. This training requires only multichannel mixtures and their temporal annotations of speaker activities. In contrast to GSS, the trained model can jointly separate and diarize speech mixtures without any auxiliary information. The experiments with the AMI corpus show that our method outperforms GSS with oracle diarization results regarding word error rates. The code is available online.

Real-time Speech Extraction Using Spatially Regularized Independent Low-rank Matrix Analysis and Rank-constrained Spatial Covariance Matrix Estimation

Real-time speech extraction is an important challenge with various applications such as speech recognition in a human-like avatar/robot. In this paper, we propose the real-time extension of a speech extraction method based on independent low-rank matrix analysis (ILRMA) and rank-constrained spatial covariance matrix estimation (RCSCME). The RCSCME-based method is a multichannel blind speech extraction method that demonstrates superior speech extraction performance in diffuse noise environments. To improve the performance, we introduce spatial regularization into the ILRMA part of the RCSCME-based speech extraction and design two regularizers. Speech extraction experiments demonstrated that the proposed methods can function in real time and the designed regularizers improve the speech extraction performance.

Sampling-Frequency-Independent Universal Sound Separation

This paper proposes a universal sound separation (USS) method capable of handling untrained sampling frequencies (SFs). The USS aims at separating arbitrary sources of different types and can be the key technique to realize a source separator that can be universally used as a preprocessor for any downstream tasks. To realize a universal source separator, there are two essential properties: universalities with respect to source types and recording conditions. The former property has been studied in the USS literature, which has greatly increased the number of source types that can be handled by a single neural network. However, the latter property (e.g., SF) has received less attention despite its necessity. Since the SF varies widely depending on the downstream tasks, the universal source separator must handle a wide variety of SFs. In this paper, to encompass the two properties, we propose an SF-independent (SFI) extension of a computationally efficient USS network, SuDoRM-RF. The proposed network uses our previously proposed SFI convolutional layers, which can handle various SFs by generating convolutional kernels in accordance with an input SF. Experiments show that signal resampling can degrade the USS performance and the proposed method works more consistently than signal-resampling-based methods for various SFs.

Algorithms of Sampling-Frequency-Independent Layers for Non-integer Strides

In this paper, we propose algorithms for handling non-integer strides in sampling-frequency-independent (SFI) convolutional and transposed convolutional layers. The SFI layers have been developed for handling various sampling frequencies (SFs) by a single neural network. They are replaceable with their non-SFI counterparts and can be introduced into various network architectures. However, they could not handle some specific configurations when combined with non-SFI layers. For example, an SFI extension of Conv-TasNet, a standard audio source separation model, cannot handle some pairs of trained and target SFs because the strides of the SFI layers become non-integers. This problem cannot be solved by simple rounding or signal resampling, resulting in the significant performance degradation. To overcome this problem, we propose algorithms for handling non-integer strides by using windowed sinc interpolation. The proposed algorithms realize the continuous-time representations of features using the interpolation and enable us to sample instants with the desired stride. Experimental results on music source separation showed that the proposed algorithms outperformed the rounding- and signal-resampling-based methods at SFs lower than the trained SF.

How Generative Spoken Language Modeling Encodes Noisy Speech: Investigation from Phonetics to Syntactics

We examine the speech modeling potential of generative spoken language modeling (GSLM), which involves using learned symbols derived from data rather than phonemes for speech analysis and synthesis. Since GSLM facilitates textless spoken language processing, exploring its effectiveness is critical for paving the way for novel paradigms in spoken-language processing. This paper presents the findings of GSLM's encoding and decoding effectiveness at the spoken-language and speech levels. Through speech resynthesis experiments, we revealed that resynthesis errors occur at the levels ranging from phonology to syntactics and GSLM frequently resynthesizes natural but content-altered speech.

jaCappella Corpus: A Japanese a Cappella Vocal Ensemble Corpus

We construct a corpus of Japanese a cappella vocal ensembles (jaCappella corpus) for vocal ensemble separation and synthesis. It consists of 35 copyright-cleared vocal ensemble songs and their audio recordings of individual voice parts. These songs were arranged from out-of-copyright Japanese children's songs and have six voice parts (lead vocal, soprano, alto, tenor, bass, and vocal percussion). They are divided into seven subsets, each of which features typical characteristics of a music genre such as jazz and enka. The variety in genre and voice part match vocal ensembles recently widespread in social media services such as YouTube, although the main targets of conventional vocal ensemble datasets are choral singing made up of soprano, alto, tenor, and bass. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that our corpus is a challenging resource for vocal ensemble separation. Our corpus is available on our project page (https://tomohikonakamura.github.io/jaCappella_corpus/).

Hyperbolic Timbre Embedding for Musical Instrument Sound Synthesis Based on Variational Autoencoders

In this paper, we propose a musical instrument sound synthesis (MISS) method based on a variational autoencoder (VAE) that has a hierarchy-inducing latent space for timbre. VAE-based MISS methods embed an input signal into a low-dimensional latent representation that captures the characteristics of the input. Adequately manipulating this representation leads to sound morphing and timbre replacement. Although most VAE-based MISS methods seek a disentangled representation of pitch and timbre, how to capture an underlying structure in timbre remains an open problem. To address this problem, we focus on the fact that musical instruments can be hierarchically classified on the basis of their physical mechanisms. Motivated by this hierarchy, we propose a VAE-based MISS method by introducing a hyperbolic space for timbre. The hyperbolic space can represent treelike data more efficiently than the Euclidean space owing to its exponential growth property. Results of experiments show that the proposed method provides an efficient latent representation of timbre compared with the method using the Euclidean space.