Real Time Safety of Fixed-wing UAVs using Collision Cone Control Barrier Functions

Fixed-wing UAVs have transformed the transportation system with their high flight speed and long endurance, yet their safe operation in increasingly cluttered environments depends heavily on effective collision avoidance techniques. This paper presents a novel method for safely navigating an aircraft along a desired route while avoiding moving obstacles. We utilize a class of control barrier functions (CBFs) based on collision cones to ensure the relative velocity between the aircraft and the obstacle consistently avoids a cone of vectors that might lead to a collision. By demonstrating that the proposed constraint is a valid CBF for the aircraft, we can leverage its real-time implementation via Quadratic Programs (QPs), termed the CBF-QPs. Validation includes simulating control law along trajectories, showing effectiveness in both static and moving obstacle scenarios.

Learning a Formally Verified Control Barrier Function in Stochastic Environment

Safety is a fundamental requirement of control systems. Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) are proposed to ensure the safety of the control system by constructing safety filters or synthesizing control inputs. However, the safety guarantee and performance of safe controllers rely on the construction of valid CBFs. Inspired by universal approximatability, CBFs are represented by neural networks, known as neural CBFs (NCBFs). This paper presents an algorithm for synthesizing formally verified continuous-time neural Control Barrier Functions in stochastic environments in a single step. The proposed training process ensures efficacy across the entire state space with only a finite number of data points by constructing a sample-based learning framework for Stochastic Neural CBFs (SNCBFs). Our methodology eliminates the need for post hoc verification by enforcing Lipschitz bounds on the neural network, its Jacobian, and Hessian terms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through case studies on the inverted pendulum system and obstacle avoidance in autonomous driving, showcasing larger safe regions compared to baseline methods.

A Collision Cone Approach for Control Barrier Functions

This work presents a unified approach for collision avoidance using Collision-Cone Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) in both ground (UGV) and aerial (UAV) unmanned vehicles. We propose a novel CBF formulation inspired by collision cones, to ensure safety by constraining the relative velocity between the vehicle and the obstacle to always point away from each other. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated through simulations and hardware implementations on the TurtleBot, Stoch-Jeep, and Crazyflie 2.1 quadrotor robot, showcasing its effectiveness in avoiding collisions with dynamic obstacles in both ground and aerial settings. The real-time controller is developed using CBF Quadratic Programs (CBF-QPs). Comparative analysis with the state-of-the-art CBFs highlights the less conservative nature of the proposed approach. Overall, this research contributes to a novel control formation that can give a guarantee for collision avoidance in unmanned vehicles by modifying the control inputs from existing path-planning controllers.

Barrier Functions Inspired Reward Shaping for Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has progressed from simple control tasks to complex real-world challenges with large state spaces. While RL excels in these tasks, training time remains a limitation. Reward shaping is a popular solution, but existing methods often rely on value functions, which face scalability issues. This paper presents a novel safety-oriented reward-shaping framework inspired by barrier functions, offering simplicity and ease of implementation across various environments and tasks. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed reward formulations, we conduct simulation experiments on CartPole, Ant, and Humanoid environments, along with real-world deployment on the Unitree Go1 quadruped robot. Our results demonstrate that our method leads to 1.4-2.8 times faster convergence and as low as 50-60% actuation effort compared to the vanilla reward. In a sim-to-real experiment with the Go1 robot, we demonstrated better control and dynamics of the bot with our reward framework.

Collision Cone Control Barrier Functions: Experimental Validation on UGVs for Kinematic Obstacle Avoidance

Autonomy advances have enabled robots in diverse environments and close human interaction, necessitating controllers with formal safety guarantees. This paper introduces an experimental platform designed for the validation and demonstration of a novel class of Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) tailored for Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) to proactively prevent collisions with kinematic obstacles by integrating the concept of collision cones. While existing CBF formulations excel with static obstacles, extensions to torque/acceleration-controlled unicycle and bicycle models have seen limited success. Conventional CBF applications in nonholonomic UGV models have demonstrated control conservatism, particularly in scenarios where steering/thrust control was deemed infeasible. Drawing inspiration from collision cones in path planning, we present a pioneering CBF formulation ensuring theoretical safety guarantees for both unicycle and bicycle models. The core premise revolves around aligning the obstacle's velocity away from the vehicle, establishing a constraint to perpetually avoid vectors directed towards it. This control methodology is rigorously validated through simulations and experimental verification on the Copernicus mobile robot (Unicycle Model) and FOCAS-Car (Bicycle Model).

On the Efficacy and Noise-Robustness of Jointly Learned Speech Emotion and Automatic Speech Recognition

New-age conversational agent systems perform both speech emotion recognition (SER) and automatic speech recognition (ASR) using two separate and often independent approaches for real-world application in noisy environments. In this paper, we investigate a joint ASR-SER multitask learning approach in a low-resource setting and show that improvements are observed not only in SER, but also in ASR. We also investigate the robustness of such jointly trained models to the presence of background noise, babble, and music. Experimental results on the IEMOCAP dataset show that joint learning can improve ASR word error rate (WER) and SER classification accuracy by 10.7% and 2.3% respectively in clean scenarios. In noisy scenarios, results on data augmented with MUSAN show that the joint approach outperforms the independent ASR and SER approaches across many noisy conditions. Overall, the joint ASR-SER approach yielded more noise-resistant models than the independent ASR and SER approaches.

Reinforcement Learning for Signal Temporal Logic using Funnel-Based Approach

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a powerful framework for describing the complex temporal and logical behaviour of the dynamical system. Several works propose a method to find a controller for the satisfaction of STL specification using reinforcement learning but fail to address either the issue of robust satisfaction in continuous state space or ensure the tractability of the approach. In this paper, leveraging the concept of funnel functions, we propose a tractable reinforcement learning algorithm to learn a time-dependent policy for robust satisfaction of STL specification in continuous state space. We demonstrate the utility of our approach on several tasks using a pendulum and mobile robot examples.

Temporal Waypoint Navigation of Multi-UAV Payload System using Barrier Functions

Aerial package transportation often requires complex spatial and temporal specifications to be satisfied in order to ensure safe and timely delivery from one point to another. It is usually efficient to transport versatile payloads using multiple UAVs that can work collaboratively to achieve the desired task. The complex temporal specifications can be handled coherently by applying Signal Temporal Logic (STL) to dynamical systems. This paper addresses the problem of waypoint navigation of a multi-UAV payload system under temporal specifications using higher-order time-varying control barrier functions (HOCBFs). The complex nonlinear system of relative degree two is transformed into a simple linear system using input-output feedback linearization. An optimization-based control law is then derived to achieve the temporal waypoint navigation of the payload. The controller's efficacy and real-time implementability are demonstrated by simulating a package delivery scenario inside a high-fidelity Gazebo simulation environment.

Control Barrier Functions for Unknown Nonlinear Systems using Gaussian Processes

This paper focuses on the controller synthesis for unknown, nonlinear systems while ensuring safety constraints. Our approach consists of two steps, a learning step that uses Gaussian processes and a controller synthesis step that is based on control barrier functions. In the learning step, we use a data-driven approach utilizing Gaussian processes to learn the unknown control affine nonlinear dynamics together with a statistical bound on the accuracy of the learned model. In the second controller synthesis steps, we develop a systematic approach to compute control barrier functions that explicitly take into consideration the uncertainty of the learned model. The control barrier function not only results in a safe controller by construction but also provides a rigorous lower bound on the probability of satisfaction of the safety specification. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results by synthesizing a safety controller for a jet engine example.

dtControl: Decision Tree Learning Algorithms for Controller Representation

Decision tree learning is a popular classification technique most commonly used in machine learning applications. Recent work has shown that decision trees can be used to represent provably-correct controllers concisely. Compared to representations using lookup tables or binary decision diagrams, decision trees are smaller and more explainable. We present dtControl, an easily extensible tool for representing memoryless controllers as decision trees. We give a comprehensive evaluation of various decision tree learning algorithms applied to 10 case studies arising out of correct-by-construction controller synthesis. These algorithms include two new techniques, one for using arbitrary linear binary classifiers in the decision tree learning, and one novel approach for determinizing controllers during the decision tree construction. In particular the latter turns out to be extremely efficient, yielding decision trees with a single-digit number of decision nodes on 5 of the case studies.