HPA-MPC: Hybrid Perception-Aware Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Quadrotors with Suspended Loads

Quadrotors equipped with cable-suspended loads represent a versatile, low-cost, and energy efficient solution for aerial transportation, construction, and manipulation tasks. However, their real-world deployment is hindered by several challenges. The system is difficult to control because it is nonlinear, underactuated, involves hybrid dynamics due to slack-taut cable modes, and evolves on complex configuration spaces. Additionally, it is crucial to estimate the full state and the cable's mode transitions in real-time using on-board sensors and computation. To address these challenges, we present a novel Hybrid Perception-Aware Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (HPA-MPC) control approach for quadrotors with suspended loads. Our method considers the complete hybrid system dynamics and includes a perception-aware cost to ensure the payload remains visible in the robot's camera during navigation. Furthermore, the full state and hybrid dynamics' transitions are estimated using onboard sensors. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach enables stable load tracking control, even during slack-taut transitions, and operates entirely onboard. The experiments also show that the perception-aware term effectively keeps the payload in the robot's camera field of view when a human operator interacts with the load.

DualQuat-LOAM: LiDAR Odometry and Mapping parametrized on Dual Quaternions

This paper reports on a novel method for LiDAR odometry estimation, which completely parameterizes the system with dual quaternions. To accomplish this, the features derived from the point cloud, including edges, surfaces, and Stable Triangle Descriptor (STD), along with the optimization problem, are expressed in the dual quaternion set. This approach enables the direct combination of translation and orientation errors via dual quaternion operations, greatly enhancing pose estimation, as demonstrated in comparative experiments against other state-of-the-art methods. Our approach reduced drift error compared to other LiDAR-only-odometry methods, especially in scenarios with sharp curves and aggressive movements with large angular displacement. DualQuat-LOAM is benchmarked against several public datasets. In the KITTI dataset it has a translation and rotation error of 0.79% and 0.0039{\deg}/m, with an average run time of 53 ms.

Decentralized Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Safe Collision Avoidance in Quadrotor Teams with Limited Detection Range

Multi-quadrotor systems face significant challenges in decentralized control, particularly with safety and coordination under sensing and communication limitations. State-of-the-art methods leverage Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) to provide safety guarantees but often neglect actuation constraints and limited detection range. To address these gaps, we propose a novel decentralized Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) that integrates Exponential CBFs (ECBFs) to enhance safety and optimality in multi-quadrotor systems. We provide both conservative and practical minimum bounds of the range that preserve the safety guarantees of the ECBFs. We validate our approach through extensive simulations with up to 10 quadrotors and 20 obstacles, as well as real-world experiments with 3 quadrotors. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in realistic settings, highlighting its potential for reliable quadrotor teams operations.

Experimental System Design of an Active Fault-Tolerant Quadrotor

Quadrotors have gained popularity over the last decade, aiding humans in complex tasks such as search and rescue, mapping and exploration. Despite their mechanical simplicity and versatility compared to other types of aerial vehicles, they remain vulnerable to rotor failures. In this paper, we propose an algorithmic and mechanical approach to addressing the quadrotor fault-tolerant problem in case of rotor failures. First, we present a fault-tolerant detection and control scheme that includes various attitude error metrics. The scheme transitions to a fault-tolerant control mode by surrendering the yaw control. Subsequently, to ensure compatibility with platform sensing constraints, we investigate the relationship between variations in robot rotational drag, achieved through a modular mechanical design appendage, resulting in yaw rates within sensor limits. This analysis offers a platform-agnostic framework for designing more reliable and robust quadrotors in the event of rotor failures. Extensive experimental results validate the proposed approach providing insights into successfully designing a cost-effective quadrotor capable of fault-tolerant control. The overall design enhances safety in scenarios of faulty rotors, without the need for additional sensors or computational resources.

Geometric Fault-Tolerant Control of Quadrotors in Case of Rotor Failures: An Attitude Based Comparative Study

The ability of aerial robots to operate in the presence of failures is crucial in various applications that demand continuous operations, such as surveillance, monitoring, and inspection. In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant control strategy for quadrotors that can adapt to single and dual complete rotor failures. Our approach augments a classic geometric tracking controller on $SO(3)\times\mathbb{R}^3$ to accommodate the effects of rotor failures. We provide an in-depth analysis of several attitude error metrics to identify the most appropriate design choice for fault-tolerant control strategies. To assess the effectiveness of these metrics, we evaluate trajectory tracking accuracies. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.

Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Cooperative Transportation and Manipulation of Cable Suspended Payloads with Multiple Quadrotors

Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) such as quadrotors equipped with manipulation mechanisms have the potential to assist humans in tasks such as construction and package delivery. Cables are a promising option for manipulation mechanisms due to their low weight, low cost, and simple design. However, designing control and planning strategies for cable mechanisms presents challenges due to indirect load actuation, nonlinear configuration space, and highly coupled system dynamics. In this paper, we propose a novel Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) method that enables a team of quadrotors to manipulate a rigid-body payload in all 6 degrees of freedom via suspended cables. Our approach can concurrently exploit, as part of the receding horizon optimization, the available mechanical system redundancies to perform additional tasks such as inter-robot separation and obstacle avoidance while respecting payload dynamics and actuator constraints. To address real-time computational requirements and scalability, we employ a lightweight state vector parametrization that includes only payload states in all six degrees of freedom. This also enables the planning of trajectories on the $SE(3)$ manifold load configuration space, thereby also reducing planning complexity. We validate the proposed approach through simulation and real-world experiments.

Safety-Aware Human-Robot Collaborative Transportation and Manipulation with Multiple MAVs

Human-robot interaction will play an essential role in many future industries and daily life tasks, enabling robots to collaborate with humans and reduce their workload effectively. Most existing approaches for human-robot physical collaboration focus on collaboration between humans and grounded robots. In recent years, very little progress has been made in this area when considering aerial robots, which present increased versatility and mobility compared to their grounded counterparts. This paper proposes a novel approach for safe human-robot collaborative transportation and manipulation of a cable-suspended payload with multiple aerial robots. We leverage the proposed method to enable seamless and transparent interaction between the transported objects and a human worker while considering safety constraints during operations by exploiting the redundancy of the internal transportation system. The critical system components are (a) a distributed force-sensor-free payload external wrench estimator; (b) a 6D admittance controller for human-aerial-robot collaborative transportation and manipulation; (c) a safety-aware controller that exploits the internal system redundancy to guarantee the execution of additional tasks devoted to preserving the human or robot safety without affecting the payload trajectory tracking or quality of interaction. We validate the approach through extensive real-world experiments, including the robot team assisting the human in transporting and manipulating a load or the human helping the robot team navigates the environment. To our best knowledge, this work is the first to create an interactive and safety-aware pipeline for quadrotor teams to collaborate physically with a human operator to transport and manipulate a payload.

Vision-based Relative Detection and Tracking for Teams of Micro Aerial Vehicles

In this paper, we address the vision-based detection and tracking problems of multiple aerial vehicles using a single camera and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) as well as the corresponding perception consensus problem (i.e., uniqueness and identical IDs across all observing agents). We design several vision-based decentralized Bayesian multi-tracking filtering strategies to resolve the association between the incoming unsorted measurements obtained by a visual detector algorithm and the tracked agents. We compare their accuracy in different operating conditions as well as their scalability according to the number of agents in the team. This analysis provides useful insights about the most appropriate design choice for the given task. We further show that the proposed perception and inference pipeline which includes a Deep Neural Network (DNN) as visual target detector is lightweight and capable of concurrently running control and planning with Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) constrained robots on-board. Experimental results show the effective tracking of multiple drones in various challenging scenarios such as heavy occlusions.

Physics-Inspired Temporal Learning of Quadrotor Dynamics for Accurate Model Predictive Trajectory Tracking

Accurately modeling quadrotor's system dynamics is critical for guaranteeing agile, safe, and stable navigation. The model needs to capture the system behavior in multiple flight regimes and operating conditions, including those producing highly nonlinear effects such as aerodynamic forces and torques, rotor interactions, or possible system configuration modifications. Classical approaches rely on handcrafted models and struggle to generalize and scale to capture these effects. In this paper, we present a novel Physics-Inspired Temporal Convolutional Network (PI-TCN) approach to learning quadrotor's system dynamics purely from robot experience. Our approach combines the expressive power of sparse temporal convolutions and dense feed-forward connections to make accurate system predictions. In addition, physics constraints are embedded in the training process to facilitate the network's generalization capabilities to data outside the training distribution. Finally, we design a model predictive control approach that incorporates the learned dynamics for accurate closed-loop trajectory tracking fully exploiting the learned model predictions in a receding horizon fashion. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach accurately extracts the structure of the quadrotor's dynamics from data, capturing effects that would remain hidden to classical approaches. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time physics-inspired deep learning is successfully applied to temporal convolutional networks and to the system identification task, while concurrently enabling predictive control.

RotorTM: A Flexible Simulator for Aerial Transportation and Manipulation

Low-cost autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to help humans by simplifying and speeding up complex tasks that require their interaction with the environment such as construction, package delivery, and search and rescue. These systems, composed of single or multiple vehicles, can be endowed with passive connection mechanisms such as rigid links or cables to perform transportation and manipulation tasks. However, they are inherently complex since they are often underactuated, and evolve on nonlinear manifold configuration spaces. In addition, the complexity of systems with cable-suspended load is further increased by the hybrid dynamics depending on the cables' varying tension conditions. In this paper, we present the first aerial transportation and manipulation simulator incorporating different payloads and passive connection mechanisms with full system dynamics as well as planning and control algorithms. Furthermore, it includes a novel model accounting for the transient hybrid dynamics for aerial systems with cable-suspended load to closely mimic real-world systems. The availability of a flexible and intuitive interface further contributes to its usability and versatility. Comparisons between simulations and real-world experiments with different vehicles' configurations show the fidelity of the simulator results with respect to real-world settings and its benefit for rapid prototyping and transitioning of aerial transportation and manipulation systems to real-world deployment.