A Timely Survey on Vision Transformer for Deepfake Detection

In recent years, the rapid advancement of deepfake technology has revolutionized content creation, lowering forgery costs while elevating quality. However, this progress brings forth pressing concerns such as infringements on individual rights, national security threats, and risks to public safety. To counter these challenges, various detection methodologies have emerged, with Vision Transformer (ViT)-based approaches showcasing superior performance in generality and efficiency. This survey presents a timely overview of ViT-based deepfake detection models, categorized into standalone, sequential, and parallel architectures. Furthermore, it succinctly delineates the structure and characteristics of each model. By analyzing existing research and addressing future directions, this survey aims to equip researchers with a nuanced understanding of ViT's pivotal role in deepfake detection, serving as a valuable reference for both academic and practical pursuits in this domain.

CAT: Exploiting Inter-Class Dynamics for Domain Adaptive Object Detection

Domain adaptive object detection aims to adapt detection models to domains where annotated data is unavailable. Existing methods have been proposed to address the domain gap using the semi-supervised student-teacher framework. However, a fundamental issue arises from the class imbalance in the labelled training set, which can result in inaccurate pseudo-labels. The relationship between classes, especially where one class is a majority and the other minority, has a large impact on class bias. We propose Class-Aware Teacher (CAT) to address the class bias issue in the domain adaptation setting. In our work, we approximate the class relationships with our Inter-Class Relation module (ICRm) and exploit it to reduce the bias within the model. In this way, we are able to apply augmentations to highly related classes, both inter- and intra-domain, to boost the performance of minority classes while having minimal impact on majority classes. We further reduce the bias by implementing a class-relation weight to our classification loss. Experiments conducted on various datasets and ablation studies show that our method is able to address the class bias in the domain adaptation setting. On the Cityscapes to Foggy Cityscapes dataset, we attained a 52.5 mAP, a substantial improvement over the 51.2 mAP achieved by the state-of-the-art method.

Fus-MAE: A cross-attention-based data fusion approach for Masked Autoencoders in remote sensing

Self-supervised frameworks for representation learning have recently stirred up interest among the remote sensing community, given their potential to mitigate the high labeling costs associated with curating large satellite image datasets. In the realm of multimodal data fusion, while the often used contrastive learning methods can help bridging the domain gap between different sensor types, they rely on data augmentations techniques that require expertise and careful design, especially for multispectral remote sensing data. A possible but rather scarcely studied way to circumvent these limitations is to use a masked image modelling based pretraining strategy. In this paper, we introduce Fus-MAE, a self-supervised learning framework based on masked autoencoders that uses cross-attention to perform early and feature-level data fusion between synthetic aperture radar and multispectral optical data - two modalities with a significant domain gap. Our empirical findings demonstrate that Fus-MAE can effectively compete with contrastive learning strategies tailored for SAR-optical data fusion and outperforms other masked-autoencoders frameworks trained on a larger corpus.

2PCNet: Two-Phase Consistency Training for Day-to-Night Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Object Detection

Object detection at night is a challenging problem due to the absence of night image annotations. Despite several domain adaptation methods, achieving high-precision results remains an issue. False-positive error propagation is still observed in methods using the well-established student-teacher framework, particularly for small-scale and low-light objects. This paper proposes a two-phase consistency unsupervised domain adaptation network, 2PCNet, to address these issues. The network employs high-confidence bounding-box predictions from the teacher in the first phase and appends them to the student's region proposals for the teacher to re-evaluate in the second phase, resulting in a combination of high and low confidence pseudo-labels. The night images and pseudo-labels are scaled-down before being used as input to the student, providing stronger small-scale pseudo-labels. To address errors that arise from low-light regions and other night-related attributes in images, we propose a night-specific augmentation pipeline called NightAug. This pipeline involves applying random augmentations, such as glare, blur, and noise, to daytime images. Experiments on publicly available datasets demonstrate that our method achieves superior results to state-of-the-art methods by 20\%, and to supervised models trained directly on the target data.

ACT-Net: Asymmetric Co-Teacher Network for Semi-supervised Memory-efficient Medical Image Segmentation

While deep models have shown promising performance in medical image segmentation, they heavily rely on a large amount of well-annotated data, which is difficult to access, especially in clinical practice. On the other hand, high-accuracy deep models usually come in large model sizes, limiting their employment in real scenarios. In this work, we propose a novel asymmetric co-teacher framework, ACT-Net, to alleviate the burden on both expensive annotations and computational costs for semi-supervised knowledge distillation. We advance teacher-student learning with a co-teacher network to facilitate asymmetric knowledge distillation from large models to small ones by alternating student and teacher roles, obtaining tiny but accurate models for clinical employment. To verify the effectiveness of our ACT-Net, we employ the ACDC dataset for cardiac substructure segmentation in our experiments. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that ACT-Net outperforms other knowledge distillation methods and achieves lossless segmentation performance with 250x fewer parameters.

MMGL: Multi-Scale Multi-View Global-Local Contrastive learning for Semi-supervised Cardiac Image Segmentation

With large-scale well-labeled datasets, deep learning has shown significant success in medical image segmentation. However, it is challenging to acquire abundant annotations in clinical practice due to extensive expertise requirements and costly labeling efforts. Recently, contrastive learning has shown a strong capacity for visual representation learning on unlabeled data, achieving impressive performance rivaling supervised learning in many domains. In this work, we propose a novel multi-scale multi-view global-local contrastive learning (MMGL) framework to thoroughly explore global and local features from different scales and views for robust contrastive learning performance, thereby improving segmentation performance with limited annotations. Extensive experiments on the MM-WHS dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of MMGL framework on semi-supervised cardiac image segmentation, outperforming the state-of-the-art contrastive learning methods by a large margin.

Object-Aware Self-supervised Multi-Label Learning

Multi-label Learning on Image data has been widely exploited with deep learning models. However, supervised training on deep CNN models often cannot discover sufficient discriminative features for classification. As a result, numerous self-supervision methods are proposed to learn more robust image representations. However, most self-supervised approaches focus on single-instance single-label data and fall short on more complex images with multiple objects. Therefore, we propose an Object-Aware Self-Supervision (OASS) method to obtain more fine-grained representations for multi-label learning, dynamically generating auxiliary tasks based on object locations. Secondly, the robust representation learned by OASS can be leveraged to efficiently generate Class-Specific Instances (CSI) in a proposal-free fashion to better guide multi-label supervision signal transfer to instances. Extensive experiments on the VOC2012 dataset for multi-label classification demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method against the state-of-the-art counterparts.

Self-supervised Assisted Active Learning for Skin Lesion Segmentation

Label scarcity has been a long-standing issue for biomedical image segmentation, due to high annotation costs and professional requirements. Recently, active learning (AL) strategies strive to reduce annotation costs by querying a small portion of data for annotation, receiving much traction in the field of medical imaging. However, most of the existing AL methods have to initialize models with some randomly selected samples followed by active selection based on various criteria, such as uncertainty and diversity. Such random-start initialization methods inevitably introduce under-value redundant samples and unnecessary annotation costs. For the purpose of addressing the issue, we propose a novel self-supervised assisted active learning framework in the cold-start setting, in which the segmentation model is first warmed up with self-supervised learning (SSL), and then SSL features are used for sample selection via latent feature clustering without accessing labels. We assess our proposed methodology on skin lesions segmentation task. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach is capable of achieving promising performance with substantial improvements over existing baselines.

A predictive analytics approach for stroke prediction using machine learning and neural networks

The negative impact of stroke in society has led to concerted efforts to improve the management and diagnosis of stroke. With an increased synergy between technology and medical diagnosis, caregivers create opportunities for better patient management by systematically mining and archiving the patients' medical records. Therefore, it is vital to study the interdependency of these risk factors in patients' health records and understand their relative contribution to stroke prediction. This paper systematically analyzes the various factors in electronic health records for effective stroke prediction. Using various statistical techniques and principal component analysis, we identify the most important factors for stroke prediction. We conclude that age, heart disease, average glucose level, and hypertension are the most important factors for detecting stroke in patients. Furthermore, a perceptron neural network using these four attributes provides the highest accuracy rate and lowest miss rate compared to using all available input features and other benchmarking algorithms. As the dataset is highly imbalanced concerning the occurrence of stroke, we report our results on a balanced dataset created via sub-sampling techniques.

Connection Pruning for Deep Spiking Neural Networks with On-Chip Learning

Long training time hinders the potential of the deep Spiking Neural Network (SNN) with the online learning capability to be realized on the embedded systems hardware. Our work proposes a novel connection pruning approach that can be applied during the online Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP)-based learning to optimize the learning time and the network connectivity of the SNN. Our connection pruning approach was evaluated on a deep SNN with the Time To First Spike (TTFS) coding and has successfully achieved 2.1x speed-up in the online learning and reduced the network connectivity by 92.83%. The energy consumption in the online learning was saved by 64%. Moreover, the connectivity reduction results in 2.83x speed-up and 78.24% energy saved in the inference. Meanwhile, the classification accuracy remains the same as our non-pruning baseline on the Caltech 101 dataset. In addition, we developed an event-driven hardware architecture on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform that efficiently incorporates our proposed connection pruning approach while incurring as little as 0.56% power overhead. Moreover, we performed a comparison between our work and the existing works on connection pruning for SNN to highlight the key features of each approach. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to propose a connection pruning algorithm that can be applied during the online STDP-based learning for a deep SNN with the TTFS coding.