PHYBench: Holistic Evaluation of Physical Perception and Reasoning in Large Language Models

We introduce PHYBench, a novel, high-quality benchmark designed for evaluating reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in physical contexts. PHYBench consists of 500 meticulously curated physics problems based on real-world physical scenarios, designed to assess the ability of models to understand and reason about realistic physical processes. Covering mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, optics, modern physics, and advanced physics, the benchmark spans difficulty levels from high school exercises to undergraduate problems and Physics Olympiad challenges. Additionally, we propose the Expression Edit Distance (EED) Score, a novel evaluation metric based on the edit distance between mathematical expressions, which effectively captures differences in model reasoning processes and results beyond traditional binary scoring methods. We evaluate various LLMs on PHYBench and compare their performance with human experts. Our results reveal that even state-of-the-art reasoning models significantly lag behind human experts, highlighting their limitations and the need for improvement in complex physical reasoning scenarios. Our benchmark results and dataset are publicly available at https://phybench-official.github.io/phybench-demo/.

RadSplatter: Extending 3D Gaussian Splatting to Radio Frequencies for Wireless Radiomap Extrapolation

A radiomap represents the spatial distribution of wireless signal strength, critical for applications like network optimization and autonomous driving. However, constructing radiomap relies on measuring radio signal power across the entire system, which is costly in outdoor environments due to large network scales. We present RadSplatter, a framework that extends 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) to radio frequencies for efficient and accurate radiomap extrapolation from sparse measurements. RadSplatter models environmental scatterers and radio paths using 3D Gaussians, capturing key factors of radio wave propagation. It employs a relaxed-mean (RM) scheme to reparameterize the positions of 3D Gaussians from noisy and dense 3D point clouds. A camera-free 3DGS-based projection is proposed to map 3D Gaussians onto 2D radio beam patterns. Furthermore, a regularized loss function and recursive fine-tuning using highly structured sparse measurements in real-world settings are applied to ensure robust generalization. Experiments on synthetic and real-world data show state-of-the-art extrapolation accuracy and execution speed.

A Physics-based and Data-driven Approach for Localized Statistical Channel Modeling

Localized channel modeling is crucial for offline performance optimization of 5G cellular networks, but the existing channel models are for general scenarios and do not capture local geographical structures. In this paper, we propose a novel physics-based and data-driven localized statistical channel modeling (LSCM), which is capable of sensing the physical geographical structures of the targeted cellular environment. The proposed channel modeling solely relies on the reference signal receiving power (RSRP) of the user equipment, unlike the traditional methods which use full channel impulse response matrices. The key is to build the relationship between the RSRP and the channel's angular power spectrum. Based on it, we formulate the task of channel modeling as a sparse recovery problem where the non-zero entries of the sparse vector indicate the channel paths' powers and angles of departure. A computationally efficient weighted non-negative orthogonal matching pursuit (WNOMP) algorithm is devised for solving the formulated problem. Finally, experiments based on synthetic and real RSRP measurements are presented to examine the performance of the proposed method.

On the Strong Equivalences of LPMLN Programs

By incorporating the methods of Answer Set Programming (ASP) and Markov Logic Networks (MLN), LPMLN becomes a powerful tool for non-monotonic, inconsistent and uncertain knowledge representation and reasoning. To facilitate the applications and extend the understandings of LPMLN, we investigate the strong equivalences between LPMLN programs in this paper, which is regarded as an important property in the field of logic programming. In the field of ASP, two programs P and Q are strongly equivalent, iff for any ASP program R, the programs P and Q extended by R have the same stable models. In other words, an ASP program can be replaced by one of its strong equivalent without considering its context, which helps us to simplify logic programs, enhance inference engines, construct human-friendly knowledge bases etc. Since LPMLN is a combination of ASP and MLN, the notions of strong equivalences in LPMLN is quite different from that in ASP. Firstly, we present the notions of p-strong and w-strong equivalences between LPMLN programs. Secondly, we present a characterization of the notions by generalizing the SE-model approach in ASP. Finally, we show the use of strong equivalences in simplifying LPMLN programs, and present a sufficient and necessary syntactic condition that guarantees the strong equivalence between a single LPMLN rule and the empty program.