The 3D-PC: a benchmark for visual perspective taking in humans and machines

Visual perspective taking (VPT) is the ability to perceive and reason about the perspectives of others. It is an essential feature of human intelligence, which develops over the first decade of life and requires an ability to process the 3D structure of visual scenes. A growing number of reports have indicated that deep neural networks (DNNs) become capable of analyzing 3D scenes after training on large image datasets. We investigated if this emergent ability for 3D analysis in DNNs is sufficient for VPT with the 3D perception challenge (3D-PC): a novel benchmark for 3D perception in humans and DNNs. The 3D-PC is comprised of three 3D-analysis tasks posed within natural scene images: 1. a simple test of object depth order, 2. a basic VPT task (VPT-basic), and 3. another version of VPT (VPT-Strategy) designed to limit the effectiveness of "shortcut" visual strategies. We tested human participants (N=33) and linearly probed or text-prompted over 300 DNNs on the challenge and found that nearly all of the DNNs approached or exceeded human accuracy in analyzing object depth order. Surprisingly, DNN accuracy on this task correlated with their object recognition performance. In contrast, there was an extraordinary gap between DNNs and humans on VPT-basic. Humans were nearly perfect, whereas most DNNs were near chance. Fine-tuning DNNs on VPT-basic brought them close to human performance, but they, unlike humans, dropped back to chance when tested on VPT-perturb. Our challenge demonstrates that the training routines and architectures of today's DNNs are well-suited for learning basic 3D properties of scenes and objects but are ill-suited for reasoning about these properties like humans do. We release our 3D-PC datasets and code to help bridge this gap in 3D perception between humans and machines.

DiVA-360: The Dynamic Visuo-Audio Dataset for Immersive Neural Fields

Advances in neural fields are enabling high-fidelity capture of the shape and appearance of static and dynamic scenes. However, their capabilities lag behind those offered by representations such as pixels or meshes due to algorithmic challenges and the lack of large-scale real-world datasets. We address the dataset limitation with DiVA-360, a real-world 360 dynamic visual-audio dataset with synchronized multimodal visual, audio, and textual information about table-scale scenes. It contains 46 dynamic scenes, 30 static scenes, and 95 static objects spanning 11 categories captured using a new hardware system using 53 RGB cameras at 120 FPS and 6 microphones for a total of 8.6M image frames and 1360 s of dynamic data. We provide detailed text descriptions for all scenes, foreground-background segmentation masks, category-specific 3D pose alignment for static objects, as well as metrics for comparison. Our data, hardware and software, and code are available at https://diva360.github.io/.