GPT versus Humans: Uncovering Ethical Concerns in Conversational Generative AI-empowered Multi-Robot Systems

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and large language models (LLMs) such ChatGPT has enabled the realization of long-harbored desires in software and robotic development. The technology however, has brought with it novel ethical challenges. These challenges are compounded by the application of LLMs in other machine learning systems, such as multi-robot systems. The objectives of the study were to examine novel ethical issues arising from the application of LLMs in multi-robot systems. Unfolding ethical issues in GPT agent behavior (deliberation of ethical concerns) was observed, and GPT output was compared with human experts. The article also advances a model for ethical development of multi-robot systems. A qualitative workshop-based method was employed in three workshops for the collection of ethical concerns: two human expert workshops (N=16 participants) and one GPT-agent-based workshop (N=7 agents; two teams of 6 agents plus one judge). Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results reveal differences between the human-produced and GPT-based ethical concerns. Human experts placed greater emphasis on new themes related to deviance, data privacy, bias and unethical corporate conduct. GPT agents emphasized concerns present in existing AI ethics guidelines. The study contributes to a growing body of knowledge in context-specific AI ethics and GPT application. It demonstrates the gap between human expert thinking and LLM output, while emphasizing new ethical concerns emerging in novel technology.

Holon Programming Model -- A Software-Defined Approach for System of Systems

As Systems of Systems evolve into increasingly complex networks, harnessing their collective potential becomes paramount. Traditional SoS engineering approaches lack the necessary programmability to develop third party SoS level behaviors. To address this challenge, we propose a software defined approach to enable flexible and adaptive programming of SoS. We introduce the Holon Programming Model, a software-defined framework designed to meet these needs. The Holon Programming Model empowers developers to design and orchestrate complex system behaviors effectively, as illustrated in our disaster management scenario. This research outlines the Holon Programming Model theoretical underpinnings and practical applications, with the aim of driving further exploration and advancement in the field of software defined SoS

6GSoft: Software for Edge-to-Cloud Continuum

In the era of 6G, developing and managing software requires cutting-edge software engineering (SE) theories and practices tailored for such complexity across a vast number of connected edge devices. Our project aims to lead the development of sustainable methods and energy-efficient orchestration models specifically for edge environments, enhancing architectural support driven by AI for contemporary edge-to-cloud continuum computing. This initiative seeks to position Finland at the forefront of the 6G landscape, focusing on sophisticated edge orchestration and robust software architectures to optimize the performance and scalability of edge networks. Collaborating with leading Finnish universities and companies, the project emphasizes deep industry-academia collaboration and international expertise to address critical challenges in edge orchestration and software architecture, aiming to drive significant advancements in software productivity and market impact.

Business and ethical concerns in domestic Conversational Generative AI-empowered multi-robot systems

Business and technology are intricately connected through logic and design. They are equally sensitive to societal changes and may be devastated by scandal. Cooperative multi-robot systems (MRSs) are on the rise, allowing robots of different types and brands to work together in diverse contexts. Generative artificial intelligence has been a dominant topic in recent artificial intelligence (AI) discussions due to its capacity to mimic humans through the use of natural language and the production of media, including deep fakes. In this article, we focus specifically on the conversational aspects of generative AI, and hence use the term Conversational Generative artificial intelligence (CGI). Like MRSs, CGIs have enormous potential for revolutionizing processes across sectors and transforming the way humans conduct business. From a business perspective, cooperative MRSs alone, with potential conflicts of interest, privacy practices, and safety concerns, require ethical examination. MRSs empowered by CGIs demand multi-dimensional and sophisticated methods to uncover imminent ethical pitfalls. This study focuses on ethics in CGI-empowered MRSs while reporting the stages of developing the MORUL model.

Towards Human-Bot Collaborative Software Architecting with ChatGPT

Architecting software-intensive systems can be a complex process. It deals with the daunting tasks of unifying stakeholders' perspectives, designers' intellect, tool-based automation, pattern-driven reuse, and so on, to sketch a blueprint that guides software implementation and evaluation. Despite its benefits, architecture-centric software engineering (ACSE) inherits a multitude of challenges. ACSE challenges could stem from a lack of standardized processes, socio-technical limitations, and scarcity of human expertise etc. that can impede the development of existing and emergent classes of software (e.g., IoTs, blockchain, quantum systems). Software Development Bots (DevBots) trained on large language models can help synergise architects' knowledge with artificially intelligent decision support to enable rapid architecting in a human-bot collaborative ACSE. An emerging solution to enable this collaboration is ChatGPT, a disruptive technology not primarily introduced for software engineering, but is capable of articulating and refining architectural artifacts based on natural language processing. We detail a case study that involves collaboration between a novice software architect and ChatGPT for architectural analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of a services-driven software application. Preliminary results indicate that ChatGPT can mimic an architect's role to support and often lead ACSE, however; it requires human oversight and decision support for collaborative architecting. Future research focuses on harnessing empirical evidence about architects' productivity and exploring socio-technical aspects of architecting with ChatGPT to tackle emerging and futuristic challenges of ACSE.

Continuous Design Control for Machine Learning in Certified Medical Systems

Continuous software engineering has become commonplace in numerous fields. However, in regulating intensive sectors, where additional concerns needs to be taken into account, it is often considered difficult to apply continuous development approaches, such as devops. In this paper, we present an approach for using pull requests as design controls, and apply this approach to machine learning in certified medical systems leveraging model cards, a novel technique developed to add explainability to machine learning systems, as a regulatory audit trail. The approach is demonstrated with an industrial system that we have used previously to show how medical systems can be developed in a continuous fashion.

Testing the Robustness of AutoML Systems

Automated machine learning (AutoML) systems aim at finding the best machine learning (ML) pipeline that automatically matches the task and data at hand. We investigate the robustness of machine learning pipelines generated with three AutoML systems, TPOT, H2O, and AutoKeras. In particular, we study the influence of dirty data on the accuracy, and consider how using dirty training data may help to create more robust solutions. Furthermore, we also analyze how the structure of the generated pipelines differs in different cases.

6G White Paper on Edge Intelligence

In this white paper we provide a vision for 6G Edge Intelligence. Moving towards 5G and beyond the future 6G networks, intelligent solutions utilizing data-driven machine learning and artificial intelligence become crucial for several real-world applications including but not limited to, more efficient manufacturing, novel personal smart device environments and experiences, urban computing and autonomous traffic settings. We present edge computing along with other 6G enablers as a key component to establish the future 2030 intelligent Internet technologies as shown in this series of 6G White Papers. In this white paper, we focus in the domains of edge computing infrastructure and platforms, data and edge network management, software development for edge, and real-time and distributed training of ML/AI algorithms, along with security, privacy, pricing, and end-user aspects. We discuss the key enablers and challenges and identify the key research questions for the development of the Intelligent Edge services. As a main outcome of this white paper, we envision a transition from Internet of Things to Intelligent Internet of Intelligent Things and provide a roadmap for development of 6G Intelligent Edge.