ENTP: Encoder-only Next Token Prediction

Next-token prediction models have predominantly relied on decoder-only Transformers with causal attention, driven by the common belief that causal attention is essential to prevent "cheating" by masking future tokens. We challenge this widely accepted notion and argue that this design choice is about efficiency rather than necessity. While decoder-only Transformers are still a good choice for practical reasons, they are not the only viable option. In this work, we introduce Encoder-only Next Token Prediction (ENTP). We explore the differences between ENTP and decoder-only Transformers in expressive power and complexity, highlighting potential advantages of ENTP. We introduce the Triplet-Counting task and show, both theoretically and experimentally, that while ENTP can perform this task easily, a decoder-only Transformer cannot. Finally, we empirically demonstrate ENTP's superior performance across various realistic tasks, such as length generalization and in-context learning.

InstructBooth: Instruction-following Personalized Text-to-Image Generation

Personalizing text-to-image models using a limited set of images for a specific object has been explored in subject-specific image generation. However, existing methods often encounter challenges in aligning with text prompts due to overfitting to the limited training images. In this work, we introduce InstructBooth, a novel method designed to enhance image-text alignment in personalized text-to-image models. Our approach first personalizes text-to-image models with a small number of subject-specific images using a unique identifier. After personalization, we fine-tune personalized text-to-image models using reinforcement learning to maximize a reward that quantifies image-text alignment. Additionally, we propose complementary techniques to increase the synergy between these two processes. Our method demonstrates superior image-text alignment compared to baselines while maintaining personalization ability. In human evaluations, InstructBooth outperforms DreamBooth when considering all comprehensive factors.

Bridging the Domain Gap by Clustering-based Image-Text Graph Matching

Learning domain-invariant representations is important to train a model that can generalize well to unseen target task domains. Text descriptions inherently contain semantic structures of concepts and such auxiliary semantic cues can be used as effective pivot embedding for domain generalization problems. Here, we use multimodal graph representations, fusing images and text, to get domain-invariant pivot embeddings by considering the inherent semantic structure between local images and text descriptors. Specifically, we aim to learn domain-invariant features by (i) representing the image and text descriptions with graphs, and by (ii) clustering and matching the graph-based image node features into textual graphs simultaneously. We experiment with large-scale public datasets, such as CUB-DG and DomainBed, and our model achieves matched or better state-of-the-art performance on these datasets. Our code will be publicly available upon publication.