Cooperative Sensing of Side Lobes Interference for mmWave Blockages Localization and Mapping

Radio localization and sensing are anticipated to play a crucial role in enhancing radio resource management in future networks. In this work, we focus on millimeter-wave communications, which are highly vulnerable to blockages, leading to severe attenuation and performance degradation. In a previous work, we proposed a novel mechanism that senses the radio environment to estimate the angular position of a moving blocker with respect to the sensing node. Building upon this foundation, this paper investigates the benefits of cooperation between different entities in the network by sharing sensed data to jointly locate the moving blocker while mapping the interference profile to probe the radio environment. Numerical evaluations demonstrate that cooperative sensing can achieve a more precise location estimation of the blocker as it further allows accurate estimation of its distance rather than its relative angular position only, leading to effective assessment of the blocker direction, trajectory and possibly, its speed, and size.

Distributed Intelligent Integrated Sensing and Communications: The 6G-DISAC Approach

This paper introduces the concept of Distributed Intelligent integrated Sensing and Communications (DISAC), which expands the capabilities of Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) towards distributed architectures. Additionally, the DISAC framework integrates novel waveform design with new semantic and goal-oriented communication paradigms, enabling ISAC technologies to transition from traditional data fusion to the semantic composition of diverse sensed and shared information. This progress facilitates large-scale, energy-efficient support for high-precision spatial-temporal processing, optimizing ISAC resource utilization, and enabling effective multi-modal sensing performance. Addressing key challenges such as efficient data management and connect-compute resource utilization, 6G- DISAC stands to revolutionize applications in diverse sectors including transportation, healthcare, and industrial automation. Our study encapsulates the project vision, methodologies, and potential impact, marking a significant stride towards a more connected and intelligent world.

RIS-Enabled NLoS Near-Field Joint Position and Velocity Estimation under User Mobility

In the context of single-base station (BS) non-line-of-sight (NLoS) single-epoch localization with the aid of a reflective reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), this paper introduces a novel three-step algorithm that jointly estimates the position and velocity of a mobile user equipment (UE), while compensating for the Doppler effects observed in near-field (NF) at the RIS elements over the short transmission duration of a sequence of downlink (DL) pilot symbols. First, a low-complexity initialization procedure is proposed, relying in part on far-field (FF) approximation and a static user assumption. Then, an alternating optimization procedure is designed to iteratively refine the velocity and position estimates, as well as the channel gain. The refinement routines leverage small angle approximations and the linearization of the RIS response, accounting for both NF and mobility effects. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm through extensive simulations under diverse operating conditions with regard to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), UE mobility, uncontrolled multipath and RIS-UE distance. Our results reveal remarkable performance improvements over the state-of-the-art (SoTA) mobility-agnostic benchmark algorithm, while indicating convergence of the proposed algorithm to respective theoretical bounds on position and velocity estimation.

Sensing of Side Lobes Interference for Blockage Prediction in Dense mmWave Networks

The integration of sensing capability in the design of wireless communication systems is foreseen as a key enabler for efficient radio resource management in next-generation networks. This paper focuses on millimeter-wave communications, which are subject to severe attenuation due to blockages, ultimately detrimental to system performance. In this context, the sensing functionality can allow measuring or even imaging the wireless environment allowing anticipation of possible link failures, thus enabling proactive resource reallocation such as handover. This work proposes a novel mechanism for opportunistic environment sensing, which leverages existing network infrastructure with low complexity. More specifically, our approach exploits the fluctuations of interference, perceived in antenna side lobes, to detect local activity due to a moving blocker around the reference communication link. Numerical evaluations show that the proposed method is promising as it allows effective assessment of the blocker direction, trajectory and possibly, its location, speed, and size.

RIS-aided Positioning Experiments based on mmWave Indoor Channel Measurements

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are announced as a truly transformative technology, capable of smartly shaping wireless environments to optimize next-generation communication networks. Among their numerous foreseen applications, Reflective RISs (RRISs) have been shown theoretically beneficial not only to enable wireless localization through controlled multipath in situations where conventional systems would fail (e.g., with too few available base stations (BSs) and/or under radio blockages) but also to locally boost accuracy on demand (typically, in regions close to the surface). In this paper, leveraging a dedicated frequency-domain mmWave indoor channel sounding campaign, we present the first experimental evidences of such benefits, by emulating offline simple RIS-aided single-BS positioning scenarios including line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS), single-RIS and multi-RIS, and multiple user equipment (UE) locations, also by considering various combinations of estimated multipath parameters (e.g., delays, Angle of Departure (AoD) or gains) as inputs to basic Least Squares (LS) solvers. Despite their simplicity, these preliminary proof-of-concept validations show concretely how and when RIS-reflected paths could contribute to enhance localization performance.

Deep Learning with Partially Labeled Data for Radio Map Reconstruction

In this paper, we address the problem of Received Signal Strength map reconstruction based on location-dependent radio measurements and utilizing side knowledge about the local region; for example, city plan, terrain height, gateway position. Depending on the quantity of such prior side information, we employ Neural Architecture Search to find an optimized Neural Network model with the best architecture for each of the supposed settings. We demonstrate that using additional side information enhances the final accuracy of the Received Signal Strength map reconstruction on three datasets that correspond to three major cities, particularly in sub-areas near the gateways where larger variations of the average received signal power are typically observed.

Performance of RIS-Aided Nearfield Localization under Beams Approximation from Real Hardware Characterization

The technology of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) has been showing promising potential in a variety of applications relying on Beyond-5G networks. Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) can indeed provide fine channel flexibility to improve communication quality of service (QoS) or restore localization capabilities in challenging operating conditions, while conventional approaches fail (e.g., due to insufficient infrastructure, severe radio obstructions). In this paper, we tackle a general low-complexity approach for optimizing the precoders that control such reflective surfaces under hardware constraints. More specifically, it allows the approximation of any desired beam pattern using a pre-characterized look-up table of feasible complex reflection coefficients for each RIS element. The proposed method is first evaluated in terms of beam fidelity for several examples of RIS hardware prototypes. Then, by means of a theoretical bounds analysis, we examine the impact of RIS beams approximation on the performance of near-field downlink positioning in non-line-of-sight conditions, while considering several RIS phase profiles (incl. directional, random and localization-optimal designs). Simulation results in a canonical scenario illustrate how the introduced RIS profile optimization scheme can reliably produce the desired RIS beams under realistic hardware limitations. They also highlight its sensitivity to both the underlying hardware characteristics and the required beam kinds in relation to the specificity of RIS-aided localization applications.

Leveraging RIS-Enabled Smart Signal Propagation for Solving Infeasible Localization Problems

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have tremendous potential for both communication and localization. While communication benefits are now well-understood, the breakthrough nature of the technology may well lie in its capability to provide location estimates when conventional approaches fail, (e.g., due to insufficient available infrastructure). A limited number of example scenarios have been identified, but an overview of possible RIS-enabled localization scenarios is still missing from the literature. In this article, we present such an overview and extend localization to include even user orientation or velocity. In particular, we consider localization scenarios with various numbers of RISs, single- or multi-antenna base stations, narrowband or wideband transmissions, and near- and farfield operation. Furthermore, we provide a short description of the general RIS operation together with radio localization fundamentals, experimental validation of a localization scheme with two RISs, as well as key research directions and open challenges specific to RIS-enabled localization and sensing.

RIS-Enabled Localization Continuity Under Near-Field Conditions

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have the potential to enable user localization in scenarios where traditional approaches fail. Building on prior work in single-antenna RIS-enabled localization, we investigate the potential to exploit wavefront curvature in geometric near-field conditions. Via a Fisher information analysis, we demonstrate that while near-field improves localization accuracy mostly at short distances when the line-of-sight (LoS) path is present, it could still provide reasonable performance when this path is blocked by relying on a single RIS reflection.

Self-Learning for Received Signal Strength Map Reconstruction with Neural Architecture Search

In this paper, we present a Neural Network (NN) model based on Neural Architecture Search (NAS) and self-learning for received signal strength (RSS) map reconstruction out of sparse single-snapshot input measurements, in the case where data-augmentation by side deterministic simulations cannot be performed. The approach first finds an optimal NN architecture and simultaneously train the deduced model over some ground-truth measurements of a given (RSS) map. These ground-truth measurements along with the predictions of the model over a set of randomly chosen points are then used to train a second NN model having the same architecture. Experimental results show that signal predictions of this second model outperforms non-learning based interpolation state-of-the-art techniques and NN models with no architecture search on five large-scale maps of RSS measurements.