No LLM is Free From Bias: A Comprehensive Study of Bias Evaluation in Large Language models

Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have increased the performance of different natural language understanding as well as generation tasks. Although LLMs have breached the state-of-the-art performance in various tasks, they often reflect different forms of bias present in the training data. In the light of this perceived limitation, we provide a unified evaluation of benchmarks using a set of representative LLMs that cover different forms of biases starting from physical characteristics to socio-economic categories. Moreover, we propose five prompting approaches to carry out the bias detection task across different aspects of bias. Further, we formulate three research questions to gain valuable insight in detecting biases in LLMs using different approaches and evaluation metrics across benchmarks. The results indicate that each of the selected LLMs suffer from one or the other form of bias with the LLaMA3.1-8B model being the least biased. Finally, we conclude the paper with the identification of key challenges and possible future directions.

HalluCounter: Reference-free LLM Hallucination Detection in the Wild!

Response consistency-based, reference-free hallucination detection (RFHD) methods do not depend on internal model states, such as generation probabilities or gradients, which Grey-box models typically rely on but are inaccessible in closed-source LLMs. However, their inability to capture query-response alignment patterns often results in lower detection accuracy. Additionally, the lack of large-scale benchmark datasets spanning diverse domains remains a challenge, as most existing datasets are limited in size and scope. To this end, we propose HalluCounter, a novel reference-free hallucination detection method that utilizes both response-response and query-response consistency and alignment patterns. This enables the training of a classifier that detects hallucinations and provides a confidence score and an optimal response for user queries. Furthermore, we introduce HalluCounterEval, a benchmark dataset comprising both synthetically generated and human-curated samples across multiple domains. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by a significant margin, achieving over 90\% average confidence in hallucination detection across datasets.

No Size Fits All: The Perils and Pitfalls of Leveraging LLMs Vary with Company Size

Large language models (LLMs) are playing a pivotal role in deploying strategic use cases across a range of organizations, from large pan-continental companies to emerging startups. The issues and challenges involved in the successful utilization of LLMs can vary significantly depending on the size of the organization. It is important to study and discuss these pertinent issues of LLM adaptation with a focus on the scale of the industrial concerns and brainstorm possible solutions and prospective directions. Such a study has not been prominently featured in the current research literature. In this study, we adopt a threefold strategy: first, we conduct a case study with industry practitioners to formulate the key research questions; second, we examine existing industrial publications to address these questions; and finally, we provide a practical guide for industries to utilize LLMs more efficiently.

Exploring News Summarization and Enrichment in a Highly Resource-Scarce Indian Language: A Case Study of Mizo

Obtaining sufficient information in one's mother tongue is crucial for satisfying the information needs of the users. While high-resource languages have abundant online resources, the situation is less than ideal for very low-resource languages. Moreover, the insufficient reporting of vital national and international events continues to be a worry, especially in languages with scarce resources, like \textbf{Mizo}. In this paper, we conduct a study to investigate the effectiveness of a simple methodology designed to generate a holistic summary for Mizo news articles, which leverages English-language news to supplement and enhance the information related to the corresponding news events. Furthermore, we make available 500 Mizo news articles and corresponding enriched holistic summaries. Human evaluation confirms that our approach significantly enhances the information coverage of Mizo news articles. The mizo dataset and code can be accessed at \url{https://github.com/barvin04/mizo_enrichment

TrustAI at SemEval-2024 Task 8: A Comprehensive Analysis of Multi-domain Machine Generated Text Detection Techniques

The Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable ability to generate fluent content across a wide spectrum of user queries. However, this capability has raised concerns regarding misinformation and personal information leakage. In this paper, we present our methods for the SemEval2024 Task8, aiming to detect machine-generated text across various domains in both mono-lingual and multi-lingual contexts. Our study comprehensively analyzes various methods to detect machine-generated text, including statistical, neural, and pre-trained model approaches. We also detail our experimental setup and perform a in-depth error analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods. Our methods obtain an accuracy of 86.9\% on the test set of subtask-A mono and 83.7\% for subtask-B. Furthermore, we also highlight the challenges and essential factors for consideration in future studies.

LimGen: Probing the LLMs for Generating Suggestive Limitations of Research Papers

Examining limitations is a crucial step in the scholarly research reviewing process, revealing aspects where a study might lack decisiveness or require enhancement. This aids readers in considering broader implications for further research. In this article, we present a novel and challenging task of Suggestive Limitation Generation (SLG) for research papers. We compile a dataset called LimGen, encompassing 4068 research papers and their associated limitations from the ACL anthology. We investigate several approaches to harness large language models (LLMs) for producing suggestive limitations, by thoroughly examining the related challenges, practical insights, and potential opportunities. Our LimGen dataset and code can be accessed at https://github.com/armbf/LimGen.

LLMs with Industrial Lens: Deciphering the Challenges and Prospects -- A Survey

Large language models (LLMs) have become the secret ingredient driving numerous industrial applications, showcasing their remarkable versatility across a diverse spectrum of tasks. From natural language processing and sentiment analysis to content generation and personalized recommendations, their unparalleled adaptability has facilitated widespread adoption across industries. This transformative shift driven by LLMs underscores the need to explore the underlying associated challenges and avenues for enhancement in their utilization. In this paper, our objective is to unravel and evaluate the obstacles and opportunities inherent in leveraging LLMs within an industrial context. To this end, we conduct a survey involving a group of industry practitioners, develop four research questions derived from the insights gathered, and examine 68 industry papers to address these questions and derive meaningful conclusions.

Automatic Data Retrieval for Cross Lingual Summarization

Cross-lingual summarization involves the summarization of text written in one language to a different one. There is a body of research addressing cross-lingual summarization from English to other European languages. In this work, we aim to perform cross-lingual summarization from English to Hindi. We propose pairing up the coverage of newsworthy events in textual and video format can prove to be helpful for data acquisition for cross lingual summarization. We analyze the data and propose methods to match articles to video descriptions that serve as document and summary pairs. We also outline filtering methods over reasonable thresholds to ensure the correctness of the summaries. Further, we make available 28,583 mono and cross-lingual article-summary pairs https://github.com/tingc9/Cross-Sum-News-Aligned. We also build and analyze multiple baselines on the collected data and report error analysis.

Assessing Translation capabilities of Large Language Models involving English and Indian Languages

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in various NLP tasks. In this work, our aim is to explore the multilingual capabilities of large language models by using machine translation as a task involving English and 22 Indian languages. We first investigate the translation capabilities of raw large language models, followed by exploring the in-context learning capabilities of the same raw models. We fine-tune these large language models using parameter efficient fine-tuning methods such as LoRA and additionally with full fine-tuning. Through our study, we have identified the best performing large language model for the translation task involving LLMs, which is based on LLaMA. Our results demonstrate significant progress, with average BLEU scores of 13.42, 15.93, 12.13, 12.30, and 12.07, as well as CHRF scores of 43.98, 46.99, 42.55, 42.42, and 45.39, respectively, using 2-stage fine-tuned LLaMA-13b for English to Indian languages on IN22 (conversational), IN22 (general), flores200-dev, flores200-devtest, and newstest2019 testsets. Similarly, for Indian languages to English, we achieved average BLEU scores of 14.03, 16.65, 16.17, 15.35 and 12.55 along with chrF scores of 36.71, 40.44, 40.26, 39.51, and 36.20, respectively, using fine-tuned LLaMA-13b on IN22 (conversational), IN22 (general), flores200-dev, flores200-devtest, and newstest2019 testsets. Overall, our findings highlight the potential and strength of large language models for machine translation capabilities, including for languages that are currently underrepresented in LLMs.

Controllable Text Summarization: Unraveling Challenges, Approaches, and Prospects -- A Survey

Generic text summarization approaches often fail to address the specific intent and needs of individual users. Recently, scholarly attention has turned to the development of summarization methods that are more closely tailored and controlled to align with specific objectives and user needs. While a growing corpus of research is devoted towards a more controllable summarization, there is no comprehensive survey available that thoroughly explores the diverse controllable aspects or attributes employed in this context, delves into the associated challenges, and investigates the existing solutions. In this survey, we formalize the Controllable Text Summarization (CTS) task, categorize controllable aspects according to their shared characteristics and objectives, and present a thorough examination of existing methods and datasets within each category. Moreover, based on our findings, we uncover limitations and research gaps, while also delving into potential solutions and future directions for CTS.