ToW: Thoughts of Words Improve Reasoning in Large Language Models

We introduce thoughts of words (ToW), a novel training-time data-augmentation method for next-word prediction. ToW views next-word prediction as a core reasoning task and injects fine-grained thoughts explaining what the next word should be and how it is related to the previous contexts in pre-training texts. Our formulation addresses two fundamental drawbacks of existing next-word prediction learning schemes: they induce factual hallucination and are inefficient for models to learn the implicit reasoning processes in raw texts. While there are many ways to acquire such thoughts of words, we explore the first step of acquiring ToW annotations through distilling from larger models. After continual pre-training with only 70K ToW annotations, we effectively improve models' reasoning performances by 7% to 9% on average and reduce model hallucination by up to 10%. At the same time, ToW is entirely agnostic to tasks and applications, introducing no additional biases on labels or semantics.

SysCaps: Language Interfaces for Simulation Surrogates of Complex Systems

Data-driven simulation surrogates help computational scientists study complex systems. They can also help inform impactful policy decisions. We introduce a learning framework for surrogate modeling where language is used to interface with the underlying system being simulated. We call a language description of a system a "system caption", or SysCap. To address the lack of datasets of paired natural language SysCaps and simulation runs, we use large language models (LLMs) to synthesize high-quality captions. Using our framework, we train multimodal text and timeseries regression models for two real-world simulators of complex energy systems. Our experiments demonstrate the feasibility of designing language interfaces for real-world surrogate models at comparable accuracy to standard baselines. We qualitatively and quantitatively show that SysCaps unlock text-prompt-style surrogate modeling and new generalization abilities beyond what was previously possible. We will release the generated SysCaps datasets and our code to support follow-on studies.

Zero-Knowledge Zero-Shot Learning for Novel Visual Category Discovery

Generalized Zero-Shot Learning (GZSL) and Open-Set Recognition (OSR) are two mainstream settings that greatly extend conventional visual object recognition. However, the limitations of their problem settings are not negligible. The novel categories in GZSL require pre-defined semantic labels, making the problem setting less realistic; the oversimplified unknown class in OSR fails to explore the innate fine-grained and mixed structures of novel categories. In light of this, we are motivated to consider a new problem setting named Zero-Knowledge Zero-Shot Learning (ZK-ZSL) that assumes no prior knowledge of novel classes and aims to classify seen and unseen samples and recover semantic attributes of the fine-grained novel categories for further interpretation. To achieve this, we propose a novel framework that recovers the clustering structures of both seen and unseen categories where the seen class structures are guided by source labels. In addition, a structural alignment loss is designed to aid the semantic learning of unseen categories with their recovered structures. Experimental results demonstrate our method's superior performance in classification and semantic recovery on four benchmark datasets.