Beyond Examples: High-level Automated Reasoning Paradigm in In-Context Learning via MCTS

In-context Learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to tackle downstream tasks through sophisticated prompting and high-quality demonstrations. However, this traditional ICL paradigm shows limitations when facing complex mathematical reasoning tasks, primarily due to its heavy dependence on example quality and the necessity for human intervention in challenging scenarios. To address these limitations, this paper presents HiAR-ICL, a \textbf{Hi}gh-level \textbf{A}utomated \textbf{R}easoning paradigm in \textbf{ICL} that shifts focus from specific examples to abstract thinking patterns, extending the conventional concept of context in ICL. HiAR-ICL introduces five atomic reasoning actions as fundamental components for constructing chain-structured patterns. Using Monte Carlo Tree Search, we explore reasoning paths and construct thought cards to guide subsequent inference. We then develop a cognitive complexity framework that dynamically matches problems with appropriate thought cards. Experimental results demonstrate HiAR-ICL's effectiveness, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy (79.6$\%$) on the MATH benchmark with Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, surpassing GPT-4o (76.6$\%$) and Claude 3.5 (71.1$\%$).

Pandora's Box or Aladdin's Lamp: A Comprehensive Analysis Revealing the Role of RAG Noise in Large Language Models

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a crucial method for addressing hallucinations in large language models (LLMs). While recent research has extended RAG models to complex noisy scenarios, these explorations often confine themselves to limited noise types and presuppose that noise is inherently detrimental to LLMs, potentially deviating from real-world retrieval environments and restricting practical applicability. In this paper, we define seven distinct noise types from a linguistic perspective and establish a Noise RAG Benchmark (NoiserBench), a comprehensive evaluation framework encompassing multiple datasets and reasoning tasks. Through empirical evaluation of eight representative LLMs with diverse architectures and scales, we reveal that these noises can be further categorized into two practical groups: noise that is beneficial to LLMs (aka beneficial noise) and noise that is harmful to LLMs (aka harmful noise). While harmful noise generally impairs performance, beneficial noise may enhance several aspects of model capabilities and overall performance. Our analysis offers insights for developing more robust, adaptable RAG solutions and mitigating hallucinations across diverse retrieval scenarios.

Can large language models understand uncommon meanings of common words?

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have shown significant advancements across diverse natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, including intelligent dialogue and autonomous agents. Yet, lacking widely acknowledged testing mechanisms, answering `whether LLMs are stochastic parrots or genuinely comprehend the world' remains unclear, fostering numerous studies and sparking heated debates. Prevailing research mainly focuses on surface-level NLU, neglecting fine-grained explorations. However, such explorations are crucial for understanding their unique comprehension mechanisms, aligning with human cognition, and finally enhancing LLMs' general NLU capacities. To address this gap, our study delves into LLMs' nuanced semantic comprehension capabilities, particularly regarding common words with uncommon meanings. The idea stems from foundational principles of human communication within psychology, which underscore accurate shared understandings of word semantics. Specifically, this paper presents the innovative construction of a Lexical Semantic Comprehension (LeSC) dataset with novel evaluation metrics, the first benchmark encompassing both fine-grained and cross-lingual dimensions. Introducing models of both open-source and closed-source, varied scales and architectures, our extensive empirical experiments demonstrate the inferior performance of existing models in this basic lexical-meaning understanding task. Notably, even the state-of-the-art LLMs GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 lag behind 16-year-old humans by 3.9% and 22.3%, respectively. Additionally, multiple advanced prompting techniques and retrieval-augmented generation are also introduced to help alleviate this trouble, yet limitations persist. By highlighting the above critical shortcomings, this research motivates further investigation and offers novel insights for developing more intelligent LLMs.

KS-LLM: Knowledge Selection of Large Language Models with Evidence Document for Question Answering

Large language models (LLMs) suffer from the hallucination problem and face significant challenges when applied to knowledge-intensive tasks. A promising approach is to leverage evidence documents as extra supporting knowledge, which can be obtained through retrieval or generation. However, existing methods directly leverage the entire contents of the evidence document, which may introduce noise information and impair the performance of large language models. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel Knowledge Selection of Large Language Models (KS-LLM) method, aiming to identify valuable information from evidence documents. The KS-LLM approach utilizes triples to effectively select knowledge snippets from evidence documents that are beneficial to answering questions. Specifically, we first generate triples based on the input question, then select the evidence sentences most similar to triples from the evidence document, and finally combine the evidence sentences and triples to assist large language models in generating answers. Experimental comparisons on several question answering datasets, such as TriviaQA, WebQ, and NQ, demonstrate that the proposed method surpasses the baselines and achieves the best results.

Adaptive Pseudo-Siamese Policy Network for Temporal Knowledge Prediction

Temporal knowledge prediction is a crucial task for the event early warning that has gained increasing attention in recent years, which aims to predict the future facts by using relevant historical facts on the temporal knowledge graphs. There are two main difficulties in this prediction task. First, from the historical facts point of view, how to model the evolutionary patterns of the facts to predict the query accurately. Second, from the query perspective, how to handle the two cases where the query contains seen and unseen entities in a unified framework. Driven by the two problems, we propose a novel adaptive pseudo-siamese policy network for temporal knowledge prediction based on reinforcement learning. Specifically, we design the policy network in our model as a pseudo-siamese policy network that consists of two sub-policy networks. In sub-policy network I, the agent searches for the answer for the query along the entity-relation paths to capture the static evolutionary patterns. And in sub-policy network II, the agent searches for the answer for the query along the relation-time paths to deal with unseen entities. Moreover, we develop a temporal relation encoder to capture the temporal evolutionary patterns. Finally, we design a gating mechanism to adaptively integrate the results of the two sub-policy networks to help the agent focus on the destination answer. To assess our model performance, we conduct link prediction on four benchmark datasets, the experimental results demonstrate that our method obtains considerable performance compared with existing methods.

MixKG: Mixing for harder negative samples in knowledge graph

Knowledge graph embedding~(KGE) aims to represent entities and relations into low-dimensional vectors for many real-world applications. The representations of entities and relations are learned via contrasting the positive and negative triplets. Thus, high-quality negative samples are extremely important in KGE. However, the present KGE models either rely on simple negative sampling methods, which makes it difficult to obtain informative negative triplets; or employ complex adversarial methods, which requires more training data and strategies. In addition, these methods can only construct negative triplets using the existing entities, which limits the potential to explore harder negative triplets. To address these issues, we adopt mixing operation in generating harder negative samples for knowledge graphs and introduce an inexpensive but effective method called MixKG. Technically, MixKG first proposes two kinds of criteria to filter hard negative triplets among the sampled negatives: based on scoring function and based on correct entity similarity. Then, MixKG synthesizes harder negative samples via the convex combinations of the paired selected hard negatives. Experiments on two public datasets and four classical KGE methods show MixKG is superior to previous negative sampling algorithms.

Knowledge graph enhanced recommender system

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) have shown great success in recommendation. This is attributed to the rich attribute information contained in KG to improve item and user representations as side information. However, existing knowledge-aware methods leverage attribute information at a coarse-grained level both in item and user side. In this paper, we proposed a novel attentive knowledge graph attribute network(AKGAN) to learn item attributes and user interests via attribute information in KG. Technically, AKGAN adopts a heterogeneous graph neural network framework, which has a different design between the first layer and the latter layer. With one attribute placed in the corresponding range of element-wise positions, AKGAN employs a novel interest-aware attention network, which releases the limitation that the sum of attention weight is 1, to model the complexity and personality of user interests towards attributes. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets show the effectiveness and explainability of AKGAN.

Multi-Level Graph Contrastive Learning

Graph representation learning has attracted a surge of interest recently, whose target at learning discriminant embedding for each node in the graph. Most of these representation methods focus on supervised learning and heavily depend on label information. However, annotating graphs are expensive to obtain in the real world, especially in specialized domains (i.e. biology), as it needs the annotator to have the domain knowledge to label the graph. To approach this problem, self-supervised learning provides a feasible solution for graph representation learning. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Level Graph Contrastive Learning (MLGCL) framework for learning robust representation of graph data by contrasting space views of graphs. Specifically, we introduce a novel contrastive view - topological and feature space views. The original graph is first-order approximation structure and contains uncertainty or error, while the $k$NN graph generated by encoding features preserves high-order proximity. Thus $k$NN graph generated by encoding features not only provide a complementary view, but is more suitable to GNN encoder to extract discriminant representation. Furthermore, we develop a multi-level contrastive mode to preserve the local similarity and semantic similarity of graph-structured data simultaneously. Extensive experiments indicate MLGCL achieves promising results compared with the existing state-of-the-art graph representation learning methods on seven datasets.

Tucker decomposition-based Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion

Knowledge graphs have been demonstrated to be an effective tool for numerous intelligent applications. However, a large amount of valuable knowledge still exists implicitly in the knowledge graphs. To enrich the existing knowledge graphs, recent years witness that many algorithms for link prediction and knowledge graphs embedding have been designed to infer new facts. But most of these studies focus on the static knowledge graphs and ignore the temporal information that reflects the validity of knowledge. Developing the model for temporal knowledge graphs completion is an increasingly important task. In this paper, we build a new tensor decomposition model for temporal knowledge graphs completion inspired by the Tucker decomposition of order 4 tensor. We demonstrate that the proposed model is fully expressive and report state-of-the-art results for several public benchmarks. Additionally, we present several regularization schemes to improve the strategy and study their impact on the proposed model. Experimental studies on three temporal datasets (i.e. ICEWS2014, ICEWS2005-15, GDELT) justify our design and demonstrate that our model outperforms baselines with an explicit margin on link prediction task.

Self-supervised Graph Representation Learning via Bootstrapping

Graph neural networks~(GNNs) apply deep learning techniques to graph-structured data and have achieved promising performance in graph representation learning. However, existing GNNs rely heavily on enough labels or well-designed negative samples. To address these issues, we propose a new self-supervised graph representation method: deep graph bootstrapping~(DGB). DGB consists of two neural networks: online and target networks, and the input of them are different augmented views of the initial graph. The online network is trained to predict the target network while the target network is updated with a slow-moving average of the online network, which means the online and target networks can learn from each other. As a result, the proposed DGB can learn graph representation without negative examples in an unsupervised manner. In addition, we summarize three kinds of augmentation methods for graph-structured data and apply them to the DGB. Experiments on the benchmark datasets show the DGB performs better than the current state-of-the-art methods and how the augmentation methods affect the performances.