Learning to Write Rationally: How Information Is Distributed in Non-Native Speakers' Essays

People tend to distribute information evenly in language production for better and clearer communication. In this study, we compared essays written by second language learners with various native language (L1) backgrounds to investigate how they distribute information in their non-native language (L2) production. Analyses of surprisal and constancy of entropy rate indicated that writers with higher L2 proficiency can reduce the expected uncertainty of language production while still conveying informative content. However, the uniformity of information distribution showed less variability among different groups of L2 speakers, suggesting that this feature may be universal in L2 essay writing and less affected by L2 writers' variability in L1 background and L2 proficiency.

Like a bilingual baby: The advantage of visually grounding a bilingual language model

Unlike most neural language models, humans learn language in a rich, multi-sensory and, often, multi-lingual environment. Current language models typically fail to fully capture the complexities of multilingual language use. We train an LSTM language model on images and captions in English and Spanish from MS-COCO-ES. We find that the visual grounding improves the model's understanding of semantic similarity both within and across languages and improves perplexity. However, we find no significant advantage of visual grounding for abstract words. Our results provide additional evidence of the advantages of visually grounded language models and point to the need for more naturalistic language data from multilingual speakers and multilingual datasets with perceptual grounding.